Race and ethnicity considerations in traumatic brain injury research: Incidence, reporting, and outcome

References

• Sorani MD, Lee M, Kim H, Meeker M, Manley GT. Race/ethnicity and outcome after traumatic brain injury at a single, diverse center. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2009;67(1):75–80. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e31818234e8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma VY, Chan L, Carruthers KJ. Incidence, prevalence, costs, and impact on disability of common conditions requiring rehabilitation in the United States: stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, limb loss, and back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(5):986–95. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2013.10.032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruns J, Hauser WA. The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury: a review. Epilepsia. 2003;44:2–10. doi:10.1046/j.1528-1157.44.s10.3.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budnick HC, Tyroch AH, Milan SA. Ethnic disparities in traumatic brain injury care referral in a Hispanic-majority population. J Surg Res. 2017;215:231–38. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2017.03.062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jager TE, Weiss HB, Coben JH, Pepe PE. Traumatic brain injuries evaluated in US emergency departments, 1992‐1994. Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7(2):134–40. doi:10.1111/acem.2000.7.issue-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazarian JJ, Mcclung J, Shah MN, Ting Cheng Y, Flesher W, Kraus J. Mild traumatic brain injury in the United States, 1998–2000. Brain Inj. 2005;19(2):85–91. doi:10.1080/02699050410001720158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Thomas KE. The incidence of traumatic brain injury among children in the United States: differences by race. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2005;20(3):229–38. doi:10.1097/00001199-200505000-00006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson HJ, McCormick WC, Kagan SH. Traumatic brain injury in older adults: epidemiology, outcomes, and future implications. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(10):1590–95. doi:10.1111/jgs.2006.54.issue-10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arango-Lasprilla JC, Niemeier J. Cultural issues in the rehabilitation of TBI survivors: recent research and new frontiers. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2007;22(2):73–74. doi:10.1097/01.HTR.0000265094.98940.e0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gary KW, Arango-Lasprilla JC, Stevens LF. Do racial/ethnic differences exist in post-injury outcomes after TBI? A comprehensive review of the literature. Brain Inj. 2009;23(10):775–89. doi:10.1080/02699050903200563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asemota AO, George BP, Cumpsty-Fowler CJ, Haider AH, Schneider EB. Race and insurance disparities in discharge to rehabilitation for patients with traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2013;30(24):2057–65. doi:10.1089/neu.2013.3091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arango-Lasprilla JC, Ketchum JM, Drew A, Hammond F, Powell JM, Kreutzer J, … Carr C. Neurobehavioural symptoms 1 year after traumatic brain injury: a preliminary study of the relationship between race/ethnicity and symptoms. Brain Inj. 2012;26(6):814–24. doi:10.3109/02699052.2012.655360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry C, Ley EJ, Mirocha J, Salim A. Race Affects Mortality After Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. J Surg Res. 2010;163(2):303–08. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2010.03.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman SM, Martin DP, Sharar SR, Zimmerman FJ. Racial disparities in outcomes of persons with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Med Care. 2007;45(7):686–90. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e31803dcdf3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arango-Lasprilla JC, Rosenthal M, DeLuca J, Cifu DX, Hanks R, Komaroff E. Functional outcomes from inpatient rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury: how do Hispanics fare? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(1):11–18. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2006.10.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer MM, Ferraro KF. Are racial disparities in health conditional on socioeconomic status? Soc Sci Med. 2005;60(1):191–204. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.04.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alban RF, Berry C, Ley E, Mirocha J, Margulies DR, Tillou A, Salim A. Does health care insurance affect outcomes after traumatic brain injury? Analysis of the National Trauma Databank. Am Surg. 2010;76(10):1108–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meagher AD, Beadles CA, Doorey J, Charles AG. Racial and ethnic disparities in discharge to rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2015;122(3):595–601. doi:10.3171/2014.10.JNS14187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan JD, Harrison-Felix C, Bogner J, Dijkers M, Terrill MS, Whiteneck G. Systematic bias in traumatic brain injury outcome studies because of loss to follow-up. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(2):153–60. doi:10.1053/apmr.2003.50093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henrich J, Heine SJ, Norenzayan A. The weirdest people in the world? Behav Brain Res. 2010;33(2–3):61–83. doi:10.1017/S0140525X0999152X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham S. “Most of the subjects were White and middle class”: trends in published research on African Americans in selected APA journals, 1970–1989. Am Psychol. 1992;47(5):629. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.47.5.629.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponterotto JG. Racial/ethnic minority research in the Journal of Counseling Psychology: a content analysis and methodological critique. J Couns Psychol. 1988;35(4):410. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.35.4.410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado-Romero EA, Galván N, Maschino P, Rowland M. Race and ethnicity in empirical counseling and counseling psychology research: a 10-year review. Couns Psychol. 2005;33(4):419–48. doi:10.1177/0011000004268637.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PA Trauma Systems Foundation. Operational manual for the data base collection system. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Trauma Systems Foundation; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Bernier RA, Hillary FG. Trends in alcohol use during moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: 18 years of neurotrauma in Pennsylvania. Brain Inj. 2016;30(4):414–21. doi:10.3109/02699052.2015.1127998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet. 1974;304(7872):81–84. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91639-0.
   Google Scholar
• Vitaz TW, Jenks J, Raque GH, Shields CB. Outcome following moderate traumatic brain injury. Surg Neurol. 2003;60(4):285–91. doi:10.1016/S0090-3019(03)00378-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cassidy LD, Potoka DA, Adelson PD, Ford HR. Development of a novel method to predict disability after head trauma in children. J Pediatr Surg. 2003;38(3):482–85. doi:10.1053/jpsu.2003.50084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HE, Peitzman AB, Cassidy LD, Adelson PD, Yealy DM. Out-of-hospital endotracheal intubation and outcome after traumatic brain injury. Ann Emerg Med. 2004;44(5):439–50. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.04.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laker SR. Epidemiology of concussion and mild traumatic brain injury. PM&R. 2011;3:S354–S358. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.07.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemmler M. Person-centered methods: configural frequency analysis (CFA) and other methods for the analysis of contingency tables. New York, NY: Springer; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Nakagawa K, Hoshide RR, Asai SM, Johnson KG, Beniga JG, Albano MC, … Koenig MA. Favorable outcomes for Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders with severe traumatic brain injury. Hawai’ J Med Sci Public Health. 2013;72(4):129.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Staudenmayer KL, Diaz-Arrastia R, de Oliveira A, Gentilello LM, Shafi S. Ethnic disparities in long-term functional outcomes after traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2007;63(6):1364–69. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e31815b897b.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lott JT. Asian Americans: from racial category to multiple identities. Vol. 2. Rowman Altamira, Lanham, MD; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Koshy S. Category crisis: South Asian Americans and questions of race and ethnicity. Diaspora A J Transnational Stud. 1998;7(3):285–320. doi:10.1353/dsp.1998.0013.
   Google Scholar
• Lum TY, Vanderaa JP. Health disparities among immigrant and non-immigrant elders: the association of acculturation and education. J Immigr Minor Health. 2010;12(5):743–53. doi:10.1007/s10903-008-9225-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maina IW, Belton TD, Ginzberg S, Singh A, Johnson TJ. A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test. Soc Sci Med. 2018;199:219–29. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam M, Geenen S, Powers L, Saxton M. Health and wellness: people with disabilities discuss barriers and facilitators to well being. J Rehabil. 2003;69(1):37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englum BR, Villegas C, Bolorunduro O, Haut ER, Cornwell EE III, Efron DT, Haider AH. Racial, ethnic, and insurance status disparities in use of posthospitalization care after trauma. J Am Coll Surg. 2011;213(6):699–708. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2011.08.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau (2018). QuickFacts Pennsylvania.[Data File] Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/pa.
   Google Scholar
• Golash-Boza T, Darity W Jr. Latino racial choices: the effects of skin colour and discrimination on Latinos’ and Latinas’ racial self-identifications. Ethn Racial Stud. 2008;31(5):899–934. doi:10.1080/01419870701568858.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duany J. Neither White nor Black: the representation of racial identity among Puerto Ricans on the island and in the US mainland. Eds. Dzidzienyo, A., and Oboler S. In: Neither enemies nor friends. New York: Palgrave Macmillan; 2005. p. 173–88.
   Google Scholar
• Lopez IH. Race on the 2010 census: Hispanics & the shrinking white majority. Daedalus. 2005;134(1):42–52. doi:10.1162/0011526053124479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smedley A, Smedley BD. Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race. Am Psychol. 2005;60(1):16. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.1.16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper RS, Nadkarni GN, Ogedegbe G. Race, ancestry, and reporting in medical journals. Jama. 2018;320(15):1531–32. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.10960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suinn RM. Reviewing acculturation and Asian Americans: how acculturation affects health, adjustment, school achievement, and counseling. Asian Am J Psychol. 2010;1(1):5. doi:10.1037/a0018798.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. & Pack S. (2013). Social support in sport injury rehabilitation. In M. Arvinen-Barrow, & N. Walker (Eds.), The Psychology of Sport Injury and Rehabilitation. (pp. 117-132). London Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lu FJ, Hsu Y. Injured athletes’ rehabilitation beliefs and subjective well-being: the contribution of hope and social support. J Athl Train. 2013;48(1):92–98. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-48.1.03.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benkert R, Hollie B, Nordstrom CK, Wickson B, Bins‐Emerick L. Trust, mistrust, racial identity and patient satisfaction in urban African American primary care patients of nurse practitioners. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2009;41(2):211–19. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2009.01273.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin G, Breiding M, Sleet D. Using the public health model to address unintentional injuries and TBI: a perspective from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). NeuroRehabilitation. 2016;39(3):345–49. doi:10.3233/NRE-161366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shommu NS, Ahmed S, Rumana N, Barron GR, McBrien KA, Turin TC. What is the scope of improving immigrant and ethnic minority healthcare using community navigators: a systematic scoping review. Int J Equity Health. 2016;15(1):6. doi:10.1186/s12939-016-0298-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sifers SK, Puddy RW, Warren JS, Roberts MC. Reporting of demographics, methodology, and ethical procedures in journals in pediatric and child psychology. J Pediatr Psychol. 2002;27(1):19–25. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/27.1.19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar