94
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Using machine learning to discover traumatic brain injury patient phenotypes: national concussion surveillance system Pilot

ORCID Icon, , &
Received 05 Jan 2024, Accepted 02 May 2024, Published online: 09 May 2024

References

  • Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet Neurol. 1974;2(7872):81–84. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91639-0
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Symptoms of mild TBI and concussion Atlanta, GA 2021; [Accessed 2021 October 25]. https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/concussion/symptoms.html.
  • Daugherty J, Sarmiento K, Womack LS, Breiding M. Symptom profile of affirmative responses to a self-report concussion question, United States 2019. Brain Inj. 2021;35(11):1413–17. doi:10.1080/02699052.2021.1972340
  • Sharma B, Bradbury C, Mikulis D, Green R. Missed diagnosis of traumatic brain injury in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med. 2014;46(4):370–73. doi:10.2340/16501977-1261
  • American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. Definition of mild traumatic brain injury. Developed by the mild traumatic brain injury committee of the head injury interdisciplinary special interest group of the American congress of rehabilitation medicine. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1993;8(3):86–87. doi:10.1097/00001199-199309000-00010
  • Maas AI, Roozenbeek B, Manley GT. Clinical trials in traumatic brain injury: past experience and current developments. Neurotherapeutics. 2010;7(1):115–26. doi:10.1016/j.nurt.2009.10.022
  • Hawryluk GW, Bullock MR. Past, present, and future of traumatic brain injury research. Neurosurgery Clinics. 2016;27(4):375–96. doi:10.1016/j.nec.2016.05.002
  • Saatman KE, Duhaime AC, Bullock R, Maas AI, Valadka A, Manley GT. Classification of traumatic brain injury for targeted therapies. J Neurotrauma. 2008;25(7):719–38. doi:10.1089/neu.2008.0586
  • Liu Y, Mazumdar S, Bath PA. An unsupervised learning approach to diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease using brain magnetic resonance imaging scans. Int J Med Inform. 2023;173:105027. doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2023.105027
  • Kraevsky-Phillips K, Sereika SM, Bouzid Z, Hickey G, Callaway CW, Saba S, Martin-Gill C, Al-Zaiti SS. Unsupervised machine learning identifies symptoms of indigestion as a predictor of acute decompensation and adverse cardiac events in patients with heart failure presenting to the emergency department. Heart Lung. 2023;61:107–13. doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2023.05.012
  • Folweiler KA, Sandsmark DK, Diaz-Arrastia R, Cohen AS, Masino AJ. Unsupervised machine learning reveals novel traumatic brain injury patient phenotypes with distinct acute injury profiles and long-term outcomes. J Neurotrauma. 2020;37(12):1431–44. doi:10.1089/neu.2019.6705
  • Qiu H, Zador Z, Lannon M, Farrokhyar F, Duda T, Sharma S. 327 Identification of clinically relevant patient endotypes in traumatic brain injury (TBI) using latent class analysis. Neurosurgery. 2023;69(Supplement_1):48–49. doi:10.1227/neu.0000000000002375_327
  • Rosenblatt CK, Harriss A, Babul AN, Rosenblatt SA. Machine learning for subtyping concussion using a clustering approach. Front Hum Neurosci. 2021;15:716643. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.716643
  • Daugherty J, Peterson A, Waltzman D, Breiding M, Chen J, Xu L, DePadilla L, Corrigan JD. Rationale for the development of a traumatic brain injury case definition for the pilot national concussion surveillance system. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2023;39(2):115–20. doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000900
  • Daugherty J, Waltzman D, Breiding M, Peterson A, Chen J, Xu L, Womack LS, DePadilla L, Watson K, Corrigan JD, et al. Refinement of a preliminary case definition for use in traumatic brain injury surveillance. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2023;39(2):121–39. doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000901
  • Gower JC. A General coefficient of similarity and some of its properties. Biometrics. 1971;27(4):857–71. doi:10.2307/2528823
  • Kaufman L, Rousseeuw PJ. Finding groups in data: an introduction to cluster analysis. New York: Wiley; 1990.
  • Maechler M, Rousseeuw P, Struyf A, Hubert M, Hornik K Cluster analysis basics and extensions. R package version 2.1.4. Cran; 2013. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/cluster/index.html
  • Krijthe JH, van der Maaten L: Rtsne: T-Distributed stochastic neighbor embedding using Barnes-hut implementation. R package version 0.17. Cran; 2023 https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rtsne/index.html
  • Roy D, Peters ME, Everett AD, Leoutsakos JMS, Yan H, Rao VT, Bechtold K, Sair HI, Van Meter T, Falk H, et al. Loss of consciousness and altered mental state as predictors of functional recovery within 6 months following mild traumatic brain injury. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020;32(2):132–38. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.18120379
  • Nelson LD, Furger RE, Ranson J, Tarima S, Hammeke TA, Randolph C, Barr WB, Guskiewicz K, Olsen CM, Lerner EB, et al. Acute clinical predictors of symptom recovery in emergency department patients with uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury or non-traumatic brain Injuries. J Neurotrauma. 2018;35(2):249–59. doi:10.1089/neu.2017.4988
  • Walker WC, Stromberg KA, Marwitz JH, Sima AP, Agyemang AA, Graham KM, Harrison-Felix C, Hoffman JM, Brown AW, Kreutzer JS, et al. Predicting long-term global outcome after traumatic brain injury: development of a practical prognostic tool using the traumatic brain injury model systems national database. J Neurotrauma. 2018;35(14):1587–95. doi:10.1089/neu.2017.5359
  • Garduño-Ortega O, Li H, Smith M, Yao L, Wilson J, Zarate A, Bushnik T. Assessment of the individual and compounding effects of marginalization factors on injury severity, discharge location, recovery, and employment outcomes at 1 year after traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol. 2022;13:942001. doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.942001
  • Saadi A, Bannon S, Watson E, Vranceanu AM. Racial and ethnic disparities associated with traumatic brain injury across the continuum of care: a narrative review and directions for future research. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2022;9(3):786–99. doi:10.1007/s40615-021-01017-4
  • Peterson AB, Zhou H, Thomas KE. Disparities in traumatic brain injury-related deaths—United States, 2020. J Safety Res. 2022;83:419–26. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2022.10.001
  • World Health Organization. Social determinants of health; 2023. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1
  • Whiteneck GG, Cuthbert JP, Corrigan JD, Bogner JA. Risk of negative outcomes after traumatic brain injury: a statewide population-based survey. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2016;31(1):E43–54. doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000141
  • Selassie AW, Pickelsimer EE, Frazier JL, Ferguson PL. The effect of insurance status, race, and gender on ED disposition of persons with traumatic brain injury. Am J Emerg Med. 2004;22(6):465–73. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2004.07.024
  • Kontos AP, Jorgensen-Wagers K, Trbovich AM, Ernst N, Emami K, Gillie B, French J, Holland C, Elbin RJ, Collins MW, et al. Association of time since injury to the first clinic visit with recovery following concussion. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(4):435. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.4552
  • Eagle SR, Puligilla A, Fazio-Sumrok V, Kegel N, Collins MW, Kontos AP. Association of time to initial clinic visit with prolonged recovery in pediatric patients with concussion. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2020;26(2):165–70. doi:10.3171/2020.2.PEDS2025
  • Ruff RM, Iverson GL, Barth JT, Bush SS, Broshek DK. NAN policy and planning committee. Recommendations for diagnosing a mild traumatic brain injury: a national academy of neuropsychology education paper. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2009;24(1):3–10. doi:10.1093/arclin/acp006
  • Womack LS, Breiding MJ, Daugherty J. Concussion evaluation patterns among US adults. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2022;37(5):303–10. doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000756
  • McCrea M, Hammeke T, Olsen G, Leo P, Guskiewicz K. Unreported concussion in high school football players: implications for prevention. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14(1):13. doi:10.1097/00042752-200401000-00003
  • Meehan W, Mannix R, O’Brien M, Collins M. The prevalence of undiagnosed concussions in athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2013;23(5):339–42. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e318291d3b3
  • Voss JD, Connolly J, Schwab KA, Scher AI. Update on the epidemiology of concussion/mild traumatic brain injury. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2015;19(7):1–8. doi:10.1007/s11916-015-0506-z
  • Lucas S, Hoffman JM, Bell KR, Dikmen S. A prospective study of prevalence and characterization of headache following mild traumatic brain injury. Cephalalgia. 2014;34(2):93–102. doi:10.1177/0333102413499645
  • Machamer J, Temkin N, Dikmen S, Nelson LD, Barber J, Hwang P, Boase K, Stein MB, Sun X, Giacino J, et al. Symptom frequency and persistence in the first year after traumatic brain injury: a TRACK-TBI study. J Neurotrauma. 2022;39(5–6):358–70. doi:10.1089/neu.2021.0348
  • de Guise E, Leblanc J, Feyz M, Lamoureux J. Prediction of the level of cognitive functional independence in acute care following traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2005;19(13):1087–93. doi:10.1080/02699050500149882
  • Tenovuo O, Diaz-Arrastia R, Goldstein LE, Sharp DJ, van der Naalt J, Zasler ND. Assessing the severity of traumatic brain injury—time for a change? J Clin Med. 2021;10(1):148. doi:10.3390/jcm10010148
  • Nelson LD, Temkin NR, Barber J, Brett BL, Okonkwo DO, McCrea MA, Giacino JT, Bodien YG, Robertson C, Corrigan JD, et al. Functional recovery, symptoms, and quality of life 1 to 5 years after traumatic brain injury. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(3):e233660. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.3660
  • Åkerlund CAI, Holst A, Stocchetti N, Steyerberg EW, Menon DK, Ercole A, Nelson DW, Åkerlund C, Amrein K, Andelic N. Clustering identifies endotypes of traumatic brain injury in an intensive care cohort: a CENTER-TBI study. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):228. doi:10.1186/s13054-022-04079-w
  • Bergeron MF, Landset S, Maugans TA, Williams VB, Collins CL, Wasserman EB, Khoshgoftaar TM. Machine learning in modeling high school sport concussion symptom resolve. Med Sci Sports Exercise. 2019;51(7):1362–71. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001903
  • Bittencourt NFN, Meeuwisse WH, Mendonça LD, Nettel-Aguirre A, Ocarino JM, Fonseca ST. Complex systems approach for sports injuries: moving from risk factor identification to injury pattern recognition—narrative review and new concept. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(21):1309–14. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095850

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.