References
- American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (2007). Childhood apraxia of speech [Technical report]. Retrieved from www.asha.org/policy/
- Articulate Instruments Ltd. (2019). SonoSpeech user guide: Version 2.18_04. (Articulate Instruments. Ltd. Ed.).
- Ball, M., Muller, N., Klopfenstein, M., & Rutter, B. (2009). The importance of narrow phonetic transcription for highly unintelligible speech: Some examples. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 34(2), 84–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/14015430902913535
- Barry, R. M. (1995). A comparative study of the relationship between dysarthria and verbal dyspraxia in adults and children. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 9(4), 311–332. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699209508985339
- Bressmann, T., Radovanovic, B., Kulkarni, G. V., Klaiman, P., & Fisher, D. (2011). An ultrasonographic investigation of cleft-type compensatory articulations of voiceless velar stops. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 25(11–12), 1028–1033. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699206.2011.599472
- Case, J., & Grigos, M. I. (2016). Articulatory control in childhood apraxia of speech in a novel word-learning task. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 59(6), 1253–1268. https://doi.org/10.1044/2016_JSLHR-S–14–0261
- Cheng, H.-Y., Murdoch, B. E., Goozée, J. V., & Dion, S. (2007). Electropalatographic assessment of tongue-to-palate contact patterns and variability in children, adolescents, and adults. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50(2), 375–392. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2007/027)
- Cleland, J. (2021). Ultrasound tongue imaging. In M. J. Ball (Ed.), Manual of clinical phonetics(pp. 399–416). Routledge.
- Cleland, J., Lloyd, S., Campbell, L., Crampin, L., Palo, J. P., Sugden, E., … Zharkova, N. (2020). The impact of real-time articulatory information on phonetic transcription: Ultrasound-aided transcription in cleft lip and palate speech. Folia Phoniatrica Et Logopaedica, 72(2), 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1159/000499753
- Cleland, J., & Scobbie, J. M. (2021). The dorsal differentiation of velar from alveolar stops in typically developing children and children with persistant velar fronting. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 64(6S), 2347–2362. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_JSLHR-20-00373
- Cleland, J., Scobbie, J. M., Heyde, C., Roxburgh, Z., & Wrench, A. A. (2017). Covert contrast and covert errors in persistent velar fronting. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 31(1), 35–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2016.1209788
- Cleland, J., Scobbie, J. M., & Wrench, A. A. (2015). Using ultrasound visual biofeedback to treat persistent primary speech sound disorders. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 29(8–10), 575–597. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699206.2015
- Cleland, J., Wrench, A., Lloyd, S., & Sugden, E. (2018). ULTRAX2020: Ultrasound technology for optimising the treatment of speech disorders: Clinicians’ resource manual. University of Strathclyde. https://doi.org/10.15129/63372
- Dodd, B., & Lacano, T. (1989). Phonological disorders in children: Changes in phonological process use during treatment. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 24(3), 333–352. https://doi.org/10.3109/13682828909019894
- Gibbon, F. E. (1999). Undifferentiated lingual gestures in children with articulation/phonological disorders. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42(2), 382–397. https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4202.382
- Gibbon, F. E. (2004). Abnormal patterns of tongue‐palate contact in the speech of individuals with cleft palate. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 18(4–5), 285–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699200410001663362
- Grigos, M. I., Moss, A., & Lu, Y. (2015). Oral articulatory control in childhood apraxia of speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 58(4), 1103–1118. https://doi.org/10.1044/2015_JSLHR-S-13-0221
- Hardcastle, W. J., Barry, R. M., & Clark, C. (1987). An instrumental phonetic study of lingual activity in articulation-disordered children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 30(2), 171–184. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3002.171
- Klintö, K. & Lohmander, A. (2017). Does the recording medium influence phonetic transcription of cleft palate speech? International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 52(4), 440–449. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460–6984.12282
- Kopera, H. C., & Grigos, M. I. (2020). Lexical stress in childhood apraxia of speech: Acoustic and kinematic findings. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 22(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2019.1568571
- Liberman, A. M., Harris, K. S., Hoffman, H. S., & Griffith, B. C. (1957). The discrimination of speech sounds within and across phoneme boundaries. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54(5), 358–368. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0044417
- Lundeborg, I., & McAllister, A. (2007). Treatment with a combination of intra-oral sensory stimulation and electropalatography in a child with severe developmental dyspraxia. Logopedics, Phoniatrics, Vocology, 32(2), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/14015430600852035
- McAllister Byun, T., Buchwald, A., & Mizoguchi, A. (2016). Covert contrast in velar fronting: An acoustic and ultrasound study. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 30(3–5), 249–276. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699206.2015.1056884
- McLeod, S., & Baker, E. (2017). Children’s speech:An evidence-based approach to assessment and intervention. Pearson.
- Munson, B., Edwards, J., Schellinger, S. K., Beckman, M. E., & Meyer, M. K. (2010). Deconstructing phonetic transcription: Covert contrast, perceptual bias, and an extraterrestrial view of Vox Humana. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 24(4–5), 245–260. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699200903532524
- Murdoch, B. E., Cheng, H.-Y., & Goozée, J. V. (2012). Developmental changes in the variability of tongue and lip movements during speech from childhood to adulthood: An EMA study. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 26(3), 216–231. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699206.2011.604459
- Namasivayam, A. K., Pukonen, M., Goshulak, D., Yu, V. Y., Kadis, D. S., Kroll, R., Pang, E. W., & De Nil, L. F. (2013). Relationship between speech motor control and speech intelligibility in children with speech sound disorders. Journal of Communication Disorders, 46(3), 264–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2013.02.003
- Oller, D. K., & Ramsdell, H. L. (2006). A weighted reliability measure for phonetic transcription. Journal of Speech, Language, & Hearing Research, 49(6), 1391–1411. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2006/100)
- Pucher, M., Klingler, N., Luttenberger, J., & Spreafico, L. (2020). Accuracy, recording interference, and articulatory quality of headsets for ultrasound recordings. Speech Communication, 123, 83–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2020.07.001
- Pye, C., Wilcox, K. A., & Siren, K. (1988). Refining transcriptions: The significance of transcriber ‘errors’. Journal of Child Language, 15(1), 17–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000900012034
- Seifert, M., Morgan, L., Gibbin, S., & Wren, Y. (2020). An alternative approach to measuring reliability of transcription in children’s speech samples: Extending the concept of near functional equivalence. Folia Phoniatrica Et Logopaedica, 72(Suppl. 2), 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1159/000502324
- Shriberg, L., Kwiatkowski, J., & Mabie, H. L. (2019). Estimates of the prevalence of motor speech disorders in children with idiopathic speech delay. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 33(8), 679–706. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2019.1595731
- Shriberg, L., & Lof, G. (1991). Reliability studies in broad and narrow phonetic transcription. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 5(3), 225–279. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699209108986113
- Smit, A. B., Brumbaugh, K. M., Weltsch, B. & Hilgers, M. (2018). Treatment of phonological disorder: A feasibility study with focus on outcome measures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 27(2), 536–552. https://doi.org/10.1044/2017_AJSLP-16-0225
- Sugden, E., Lloyd, S., Lam, J., & Cleland, J. (2019). Systematic review of ultrasound visual biofeedback in intervention for speech sound disorders. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 54(5), 705–728. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12478
- Vick, J. C., Campbell, T. F., Shriberg, L. D., Green, J. R., Truemper, K., Rusiewicz, H. L., & Moore, C. A. (2014). Data-driven subclassification of speech sound disorders in preschool children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 57(6), 2033–2050. https://doi.org/10.1044/2014_JSLHR-S-12-0193
- Viera, A. J., & Garrett, J. M. (2005). Understanding interobserver agreement: The Kappa statistic. Family Medicine, 37(5), 360–363.
- Waring, R., & Knight, R. (2013). How should children with speech sound disorders be classified? A review and critical evaluation of current classification systems. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 48(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-6984.2012.00195.x
- Wren, Y., Miller, L. L., Peters, T. J., Emond, A., & Roulstone, S. (2016). Prevalence and predictors of persistent speech sound disorder at eight years old: Findings from a population cohort study. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 59(4), 647–673. https://doi.org/10.1044/2015_JSLHR-S-14-0282
- Zharkova, N., Hewlett, N., & Hardcastle, W. (2012). An ultrasound study of lingual coarticulation in /sV/ syllables produced by adults and typically developing children. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42(2), 193–208. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100312000060