Interpretation of ambiguous emotional information in clinically anxious children and adolescents

References

• American Psychiatrie Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th ed. Washington, DC Author
   Google Scholar
• Barrett , P. M. , Rapee , R. M. , Dadds , M. R. and Ryan , S. M. 1996 . Family enhancement of cognitive style in anxious and aggressive children: Threat bias and the fear effect . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 24 : 187 – 203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. and Clark , D. A. 1988 . Anxiety and depression: An information processing perspective . Anxiety Research , 1 : 520 – 526 .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. , Emery , G. and Greenberg , L. 1985 . Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Birleson , P. 1981 . The validity of depressive disorder in childhood and the development of a selfrating scale: A research report . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 22 : 73 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bower , G. H. 1981 . Mood and memory . American Psychologist , 36 : 129 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chorpita , B. F. , Alban , A. M. and Barlow , D. H. 1996 . Cognitive processing in children: Relationship to anxiety and family influences . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 25 : 170 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalgleish , T. 1994 . The relationship between anxiety and memory biases for material that has been selectively processed in a prior task . Behavior, Research and Therapy , 32 : 227 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalgleish , T. , Taghavi , R. , Neshat-Doost , H. N. , Moradi , A. , Yule , W. and Canterbury , R. 1997 . Information processing in clinically depressed and anxious children and adolescents . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 38 : 535 – 541 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daleiden , E. L. 1998 . Childhood anxiety and memory functioning: A comparison of systemic and processing accounts . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 68 : 216 – 235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denham , S. A. 1998 . Emotional development in young children , New York : Guildford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dunn , L. M. , Dunn , L. M. , Whetton , C. and Pintillie , D. 1981 . The British picture vocabulary scale: Manual for the short and long forms , London : The Cromwell Press .
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck , M. W. 1997 . Anxiety and Cognition A Unified Theory , Hove, , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck , M. W. , MacLeod , C. and Mathews , A. 1987 . Cognitive functioning and anxiety . Psychological Research , 49 : 189 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck , M. W. , Mogg , K. , May , R. , Richards , A. and Mathews , A. 1991 . Bias in interpretation of ambiguous sentences related to threat in anxiety . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 100 : 144 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French , C. C. and Richards , A. 1992 . Word association norms for a set of threat/neutral homographs . Cognition and Emotion , 6 : 65 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadwin , J. , Frost , S. , French , C. C. and Richards , A. 1997 . Cognitive processing and trait anxiety in typically developing children: Evidence for an interpretation bias . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 106 : 486 – 490 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington , R. C. 1993 . Depressive disorder in childhood and adolescence , Chichester, , UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Howell , D. C. 1992 . Statistical methods for psychology , 3rd ed. , Belmont, CA : Duxbury Press .
   Google Scholar
• Howes , C. , Sakai , L. M. , Shinn , M. and Phillips , D. 1995 . Race, social class, and maternal working conditions as influences on children's development . Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , 16 : 101 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolly , J. B. 1993 . A multi-method test of the cognitive content-specificity hypothesis in young adolescents . Journal of Anxiety Disorders , 7 : 223 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaslow , N. J. , Stark , K. D. , Printz , B. , Livingston , R. and Tsai , S. L. 1992 . Cognitive triad inventory for children: Development and relation to depression and anxiety . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 21 : 339 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurent , J. and Stark , K. D. 1993 . Testing the cognitive content-specificity hypothesis with anxious and depressed youngsters . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 102 : 226 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leitenberg , H. , Yost , L. W. and Carroll-Wilson , M. 1986 . Negative cognitive errors in children: Questionnaire development, normative data, and comparison between children with and without self-reported symptoms of depression, low self-esteem, and evaluation anxiety . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 54 : 528 – 536 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews , A. M. and Mackintosh , B. in press . Induced interpretation bias and anxiety . Journal of Abnormal Psychology ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews , A. , Richards , A. and Eysenck , M. W. 1989 . Interpretation of homophones related to threat in anxiety states . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 98 : 31 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogg , K. , Bradley , B. P. , Miller , T. , Potts , H. , Glenwright , J. and Kentish , J. 1994 . Interpretation of homophones related to threat: Anxiety or response bias effect? . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 18 : 461 – 477 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moradi , A. , Taghavi , M. R. , Neshat-Doost , H. , Yule , W. and Dalgleish , T. 1999 . Performance of children and adolescents with PTSD on the Stroop colour-naming task . Psychological Medicine , 29 : 415 – 419 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najman , J. M. , Bor , W. , Morrison , J. and Andersen . 1992 . Child developmental delay and socioeconomic disadvantage in Australia: A longitudinal study . Social Science and Medicine , 34 : 829 – 835 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neshat-Doost , H. T. , Moradi , A. R. , Taghavi , S. M. R. , Yule , W. and Dalgleish , T. 1999 . The development of a corpus of emotional words produced by children and adolescents . Personality and Individual Differences , 27 : 433 – 451 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neshat-Doost , H. , Taghavi , R. , Moradi , A. , Yule , W. and Dalgleish , T. 1998 . Memory for emotional trait adjectives in clinically depressed youth . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 107 : 642 – 650 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power , M. J. and Dalgleish , T. 1997 . Cognition and emotion: From order to disorder , Hove, , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds , C. R. and Richmond , B. O. 1978 . What I Think and Feel: A revised measure of children's manifest anxiety . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 6 : 271 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , A. and French , C. C. 1992 . An anxiety-related bias in semantic activation when processing threat/neutral homographs . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 45A : 503 – 525 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rust , J. , Golombok , S. and Trickey , G. 1993 . Wechsler objective reading dimensions , London : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , G. B. 1984 . Lexical ambiguity and its role in models of word recognition . Psychological Bulletin , 96 : 316 – 340 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stark , K. D. , Humphrey , L. L. , Laurent , J. , Livingston , R. and Christopher , J. 1993 . Cognitive, behavioral, and family factors in the differentiation of depressive and anxiety disorders during childhood . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 61 : 878 – 886 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taghavi , R. , Neshat-Doost , H. T. , Moradi , A. R. and Yule , W. 1999 . & Dalgleish, Biases in visual attention in children and adolescents with clinical anxiety and mixed depression-anxiety disorder . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 27 : 215 – 223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terwogt , M. M. , Kremer , H. H. and Stegge , H. 1991 . Effects of children's emotional states on their reactions to emotional expressions: A search for congruency effects . Cognition and Emotion , 5 : 109 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trachtenberg , S. and Viken , R. J. 1994 . Aggressive boys in the classroom: Biased attributions or shared perceptions? . Child Development , 65 : 829 – 835 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasey , M. W. , Daladen , E. L. , Williams , L. L. and Brown , I. M. 1995 . Biases in attention in childhood anxiety disorders: A preliminary study . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 23 : 267 – 279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , J. M. G. , Watts , P. N. , MacLeod , C. and Mathews , A. 1988 . Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders , Chichester, , UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , J. M. G. , Watts , P. N. , MacLeod , C. and Mathews , A. 1997 . Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders , 2nd ed. , Chichester, , UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar