619
Views
44
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Can cognitive methods be used to study the unique aspect of emotion: An appraisal theorist's answer

Pages 1238-1269 | Published online: 29 Aug 2007

References

  • Armon-Jones ( 1989 ). Varieties of affect . Toronto, , Canada : University of Toronto Press .
  • Baars , B. J. 1986 . The cognitive revolution in psychology , New York : Guilford Press .
  • Bargh , J. A. 1990 . “ Auto-motives: Preconscious determinants of social interaction ” . In Handbook of motivation and cognition , Edited by: Higgins , E. T. and Sorrentino , R. M. Vol. 2 , 93 – 130 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Bargh , J. A. 1997 . “ The automaticity of everyday life ” . In Advances in social cognition , Edited by: Wyer , R. S. Vol. 10 , 1 – 49 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
  • Bargh , J. A. and Barndollar , K. 1996 . “ Automaticity in action: The unconscious as repository of chronic goals and motives ” . In The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior , Edited by: Gollwitzer , P. M. and Bargh , J. A. 457 – 481 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Bargh , J. A. , Chaiken , S. , Raymond , P. and Hymes , C. 1996 . The automatic evaluation effect: Unconditional automatic activation with a pronunciation task . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 32 : 104 – 128 .
  • Bargh , J. A. and Gollwitzer , P. M. 1994 . Environmental control of goal-directed action: Automatic and strategic contingencies between situations and behavior. In W. D. Spaulding (Ed.) . Nebraska Symposium on Motivation , 41 : 71 – 124 .
  • Barnard , P. , Duke , D. , Byrne , R. and Davidson , I. 2007 . Differentiation in cognitive and emotional meanings: An evolutionary analysis . Cognition and Emotion , 21 : 1155 – 1183 .
  • Bermudéz , J. L. 1995 . Nonconceptual content: From perceptual experience to subpersonal computational states . Mind and Language , 10 : 333 – 369 .
  • Buck , R. 1988 . Human motivation and emotion , New York : Wiley .
  • Carver , C. S. and Scheier , M. F. 1990 . “ Principles of self-regulation: Action and emotion ” . In Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior , Edited by: Higgins , E. T. and Sorrentino , R. M. Vol. 2 , 3 – 52 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Chartrand , T. L. and Bargh , J. A. 1996 . Automatic activation of social information processing goals: Nonconscious priming reproduces effects of explicit conscious instructions . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 71 : 464 – 478 .
  • Cleeremans , A. and Jiménez , L. 2002 . “ Implicit learning and consciousness: A graded, dynamic perspective ” . In Implicit learning and consciousness , Edited by: French , R. M. and Cleeremans , A. 1 – 40 . Hove, , UK : Psychology Press .
  • Clore , G. L. , Storbeck , J. , Robinson , M. D. and Centerbar , D. 2005 . “ Seven sins in the study of unconscious affect ” . In Emotion: Conscious and unconscious , Edited by: Barrett , L. F. , Niedenthal , P. and Winkielman , P. 384 – 408 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Crane , T. 1998 . “ Intentionality as the mark of the mental ” . In Contemporary issues in philosophy of mind , Edited by: O'Hear , A. 229 – 251 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Crosson , B. A. 1992 . Subcortical functions in language and memory , New York : Guilford Press .
  • De Houwer , J. , Hermans , D. , Rothermund , K. and Wentura , D. 2002 . Affective priming of semantic categorization responses . Cognition and Emotion , 16 : 643 – 666 .
  • Dolan , R. J. 2002 . Emotion, cognition, and behavior . Science , 298 : 1191 – 1194 .
  • Duncan , S. and Barrett , L. F. 2007 . Affect is a form of cognition: A neurobiological analysis . Cognition and Emotion , 21 : 1184 – 1211 .
  • Dunn , J. C. and Kirsner , K. 2003 . What can we infer from double dissociations? . Cortex , 39 : 1 – 7 .
  • Duscherer , K. , Holender , D. , & Molenaar , E. (in press) . Revisiting the affective Simon effect . Cognition and Emotion .
  • Eder , A. B. , Hommel , B. and De Houwer , J. 2007 . How distinctive is affective porcessing? On the implications of using cognitive paradigms to study affect and emotion . Cognition and Emotion , 21 : 1137 – 1154 .
  • Frijda , N. H. 1986 . The emotions , New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Frijda , N. H. 1988 . The laws of emotion . American Psychologist , 43 : 349 – 358 .
  • Frijda , N. H. 1989 . Aesthetic emotions and reality . American Psychologist , 44 : 1546 – 1547 .
  • Frijda , N. H. 1994 . “ Emotions require cognitions, even if simple ones ” . In The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions , Edited by: Ekman , P. and Davidson , R. J. 197 – 202 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Frijda , N. H. and Zeelenberg , M. 2001 . “ What is the dependent? ” . In Appraisal processes in emotion , Edited by: Scherer , K. R. , Schorr , A. and Johnstone , T. 141 – 155 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Fodor , J. A. 1986 . Why Paramecia don't have mental representations . Midwest Studies in Philosophy , 10 : 3 – 23 .
  • Gollwitzer , P. M. 1990 . “ Action phases and mind-sets ” . In Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior , Edited by: Higgins , E. T. and Sorrentino , R. M. Vol. 2 , 53 – 92 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Green , C. D. 1996 . Where did the word “cognitive” come from anyway? . Canadian Psychology , 37 : 31 – 39 .
  • Hacker , P. M. S. 2004 . The conceptual framework for the investigation of emotions . International Review of Psychiatry , 16 : 199 – 208 .
  • Hamm , A. O. , & Vaitl , D. ( 1996 ). Affective learning: Awareness and aversion . Psychophysiology , 33 , 97 – 107 .
  • Heckhausen , H. ( 1991 ). Motivation and action ( P. K. Leppman, Trans. ). Berlin, , Germany : Springer-Verlag . ( Original work published 1990 )
  • Hermans , D. , De Houwer , J. and Eelen , P. 1994 . The affective priming effect: Automatic activation of evaluative information in memory . Cognition and Emotion , 8 : 515 – 533 .
  • Izard , C. E. 1994 . “ Cognition is one of four types of emotion-activating systems ” . In The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions , Edited by: Ekman , P. and Davidson , R. J. 203 – 207 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • James , W. 1890 . The principles of psychology , New York : Holt, Rinehart, & Winston .
  • Klauer , K. C. and Musch , J. 2001 . Does sunshine prime loyal? Affective priming in the naming task . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 54 : 727 – 751 .
  • Klauer , K. C. and Musch , J. 2002 . Goal-dependent and goal-independent effects of irrelevant evaluations . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 28 : 802 – 814 .
  • Klinger , M. R. , Burton , P. C. and Pitts , G. S. 2000 . Mechanisms of unconscious priming: I. Response competition, not spreading activation . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 26 : 441 – 455 .
  • LaBar , K. S. , LeDoux , J. E. , Spencer , D. D. and Phelps , E. A. 1995 . Impaired fear conditioning following unilateral temporal lobectomy in humans . The Journal of Neuroscience , 15 : 6846 – 6855 .
  • Lang , P. J. 1985 . “ The cognitive psychophysiology of fear and anxiety ” . In Anxiety and the anxiety disorders , Edited by: Tuma , A. H. and Maser , J. D. 131 – 170 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
  • Lazarus , R. S. 1991 . Emotion and adaptation , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Lavender , T. and Hommel , B. 2007 . Affect and action: Towards an event-coding account . Cognition and Emotion , 21 : 1272 – 1298 .
  • LeDoux , J. E. 1989 . Cognitive–emotional interactions in the brain . Cognition and Emotion , 3 : 267 – 289 .
  • LeDoux , J. , Romanski , L. and Xagoraris , A. 1989 . Indelibility of subcortical emotional memories . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 1 : 238 – 243 .
  • Leventhal , H. 1984 . “ A perceptual-motor theory of emotion ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. 17 , 117 – 182 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Leventhal , H. and Scherer , K. 1987 . The relationship of emotion to cognition: A functional approach to a semantic controversy . Cognition and Emotion , 1 : 3 – 28 .
  • Mandler , G. , Nakamura , Y. and Shebo-Van Zandt , B. J. 1987 . Non-specific effects of exposure on stimuli that cannot be recognized. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory . and Cognition , 13 : 646 – 648 .
  • Marcel , A. J. 1983 . Conscious and unconscious perception: An approach to the relation between phenomenal experience and perceptual processes . Cognitive Psychology , 15 : 238 – 300 .
  • Marr , D. ( 1982 ). Vision: A computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information . New York : Freeman .
  • McNaughton , N. 1997 . Cognitive dysfunction resulting from hippocampal hyperactivity—A possible cause of anxiety disorder . Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior , 65 : 603 – 611 .
  • Miller , G. A. 1962 . Psychology: The science of mental life , Harmondsworth, , UK : Penguin .
  • Miller , G. A. , Galanter , E. and Pribram , K. 1960 . Plans and the structure of behavior , New York : Holt .
  • Moors , A. 2006 . “ Investigating the automaticity of constructive appraisals ” . In Proceedings of the 18th European Meeting on Cybernetics and Systems Research , Vienna, , Austria : Austrian Society for Cybernetic Studies .
  • Moors , A. and De Houwer , J. 2006a . Automaticity: A theoretical and conceptual analysis . Psychological Bulletin , 132 : 297 – 326 .
  • Moors , A. and De Houwer , J. 2006b . Problems with dividing the realm of cognitive processes . Psychological Inquiry , 17 : 199 – 204 .
  • Moors , A. , De Houwer , J. and Eelen , P. 2004 . Automatic stimulus–goal comparisons: Support from motivational affective priming studies . Cognition and Emotion , 18 : 29 – 54 .
  • Moors , A. , De Houwer , J. , Hermans , D. and Eelen , P. 2005 . Unintentional processing of motivational valence . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 58A : 1043 – 1063 .
  • Moskowitz , G. B. 2001 . “ Preconscious control and compensatory cognition ” . In Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton symposium on the legacy and future of social cognition , Edited by: Moskowitz , G. B. 333 – 358 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
  • Moskowitz , G. B. 2002 . Preconscious effects of temporary goals on attention . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 38 : 397 – 404 .
  • Moskowitz , G. B. , Gollwitzer , P. M. , Wasel , W. and Schaal , B. 1999 . Preconscious control of stereotype activation through chronic egalitarian goals . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 77 : 167 – 184 .
  • Murphy , S. T. and Zajonc , R. B. 1993 . Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 64 : 723 – 739 .
  • Neisser , U. 1967 . Cognitive psychology , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
  • Nussbaum , M. 1990 . Love's knowledge , Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
  • Oatley , K. and Johnson-Laird , P. N. 1987 . Towards a cognitive theory of emotions . Cognition and Emotion , 1 : 29 – 50 .
  • Ortony , A. , Clore , G. L. and Collins , A. 1988 . The cognitive structure of emotions , London : Cambridge University Press .
  • Ortony , A. and Turner , T. J. 1990 . What's basic about basic emotions? . Psychological Review , 97 : 315 – 331 .
  • Prinz , J. 2004 . Gut reactions: A perceptual theory of emotion , Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
  • Reisenzein , R. 2006 . “ Emotions as metarepresentational states of mind ” . In Proceedings of the 18th European Meeting on Cybernetics and Systems Research , Edited by: Trappl , R. Vienna, , Austria : Austrian Society for Cybernetic Studies .
  • Rose , J. K. and Rankin , C. H. 2001 . Analyses of habituation in Caenorhabditis elegans . Learning & Memory , 8 : 63 – 69 .
  • Roseman , I. J. 1984 . “ Cognitive determinants of emotions: A structural theory ” . In Review of personality and social psychology , Edited by: Shaver , P. Vol. 5 , 11 – 36 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
  • Rothermund , K. 2003 . Automatic vigilance for task-related information: Perseverance after failure and inhibition after success . Memory & Cognition , 31 : 343 – 352 .
  • Scherer , K. R. 1993 . Neuroscience projections to current debates in emotion psychology . Cognition and Emotion , 7 : 1 – 41 .
  • Scherer , K. R. 1994 . “ An emotion's occurrence depends on the relevance of an event to the organism's goal/need hierarchy ” . In The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions , Edited by: Ekman , P. and Davidson , R. J. 227 – 231 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Scherer , K. R. 1997 . Profiles of emotion–antecedent appraisals: Testing theoretical predictions across cultures . Cognition and Emotion , 11 : 113 – 150 .
  • Searle , J. R. 1983 . Intentionality: An essay in the philosophy of mind , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Sloman , S. A. 1996 . The empirical case for two systems of reasoning . Psychological Bulletin , 119 : 3 – 22 .
  • Smith , C. A. and Kirby , L. D. 2001 . “ Toward delivering on the promise of appraisal theory ” . In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone, “Appraisal processes in emotion , 121 – 138 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Smith , C. A. and Lazarus , R. S. 1993 . Appraisal components, core relational themes, and the emotions . Cognition and Emotion , 7 : 233 – 269 .
  • Solomon , R. 1984 . The passions: The myth and nature of human emotions , New York : Doubleday .
  • Spivey , M. , Tyler , M. , Richardson , D. , & Young , E. ( 2000 ). Eye movements during comprehension of spoken scene descriptions . Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 487 – 492 ). Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
  • Spruyt , A. , Hermans , D. , De Houwer , J. and Eelen , P. 2002 . On the nature of the affective priming effect: Affective priming of naming responses . Social Cognition , 20 : 227 – 256 .
  • Spruyt , A. , Hermans , D. , Pandelaere , M. , De Houwer , J. and Eelen , P. 2004 . On the replicability of the affective priming effect in the pronunciation task . Experimental Psychology , 51 : 109 – 115 .
  • Storbeck , J. and Clore , G. L. 2007 . On the interdependence of cognition and emotion . Cognition and Emotion , 21 : 1214 – 1239 .
  • Storbeck , J. and Robinson , M. D. 2004 . Preferences and inferences in encoding visual objects: A systematic comparison of semantic and affective priming . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 30 : 81 – 93 .
  • Storbeck , J. , Robinson , M. D. and McCourt , M. E. 2006 . Semantic processing precedes affect retrieval: The neurological case for cognitive primacy in visual processing . Review of General Psychology , 10 : 41 – 55 .
  • Strack , F. , Martin , L. L. and Stepper , S. 1988 . Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 768 – 777 .
  • Tamir , M. , Robinson , M. D. , Clore , G. L. , Martin , L. L. and Whitaker , D. 2004 . Are we puppets on a string? The contextual meaning of unconscious expressive cues . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 30 : 237 – 249 .
  • Teasdale , J. D. 1999 . “ Multi-level theories of cognition–emotion relations ” . In Handbook of cognition and emotion , Edited by: Dalgleish , T. and Power , M. 665 – 682 . Chichester, , UK : Wiley .
  • Tomkins , S. S. 1984 . “ Affect theory ” . In Approaches to emotion , Edited by: Scherer , K. R. and Ekman , P. 163 – 196 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
  • Tye , M. 2003 . “ A theory of phenomenal concepts ” . In Minds and persons , Edited by: O'Hear , A. 91 – 106 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Wentura , D. , Rothermund , K. and Bak , P. 2000 . Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of approach and avoidance-related social information . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 78 : 1024 – 1037 .
  • Zajonc , R. B. 1980 . Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences . American Psychologist , 3 : 151 – 175 .
  • Zangrossi , H. and File , S. E. 1994 . Habituation and generalization of phobic responses to cat odor . Brain Research Bulletin , 33 : 189 – 194 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.