539
Views
28
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Mere exposure in reverse: Mood and motion modulate memory bias

&
Pages 1323-1346 | Published online: 28 Aug 2007

References

  • Baars , B. J. 1981 . Cognitive versus inference . American Psychologist , 36 : 223 – 224 .
  • Berner , M. P. and Maier , M. A. 2004 . The direction of affective priming as a function of trait anxiety when naming target words with regular and irregular pronunciation . Experimental Psychology , 51 : 180 – 190 .
  • Berry , C. J. , Shanks , D. R. and Henson , R. N. A. 2006 . On the status of unconscious memory: Merikle and Reingold (1991) revisited . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 32 : 925 – 934 .
  • Bornstein , R. F. 1989 . Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968–1987 . Psychological Bulletin , 106 : 265 – 289 .
  • Bower , G. H. 1981 . Mood and memory . American Psychologist , 36 : 129 – 148 .
  • Bridgeman , B. 1998 . Durations of stimuli displayed on video display terminals: (n−1)/f+persistence . Psychological Science , 9 : 232 – 233 .
  • Burnage , G. 1990 . CELEX: A guide for users , Nijmegen, , The Netherlands : SSN .
  • Cacioppo , J. T. , Priester , J. R. and Berntson , G. G. 1993 . Rudimentary determinants of attitudes. II: Arm flexion and extension have differential effects on attitudes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 65 : 5 – 17 .
  • Centerbar , D. B. and Clore , G. L. 2006 . Do approach–avoidance actions create attitudes? . Psychological Science , 17 : 22 – 29 .
  • Chen , M. and Bargh , J. A. 1999 . Consequences of automatic evaluation: Immediate behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid the stimulus . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 25 : 215 – 224 .
  • Corson , Y. 2002 . Effects of positive, negative, and neutral moods on associative and semantic priming . Current Psychology of Cognition , 21 : 33 – 62 .
  • Duckworth , K. L. , Bargh , J. A. , Garcia , M. and Chaiken , S. 2002 . The automatic evaluation of novel stimuli . Psychological Science , 13 : 513 – 519 .
  • Elliot , R. and Dolan , R. J. 1998 . Neural response during preference and memory judgments for subliminally presented stimuli: A functional neuroimaging study . The Journal of Neuroscience , 18 : 4697 – 4704 .
  • Frijda , N. H. 1986 . The emotions , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Frijda , N. H. 2007 . The laws of emotion , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
  • Frijda , N. H. , Kuipers , P. and ter Schure , E. 1989 . Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 : 212 – 228 .
  • Gallese , V. , Keysers , C. and Rizzolatti , G. 2004 . A unifying view of the basis of social cognition . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 8 : 396 – 403 .
  • Gray , J. R. 2004 . Integration of emotion and cognitive control . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 13 : 46 – 48 .
  • Harmon-Jones , E. and Allen , J. J. B. 2001 . The role of affect in the mere exposure effect: Evidence from psychophysiological and individual differences approaches . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 27 : 889 – 898 .
  • Huber , D. E. , Shiffrin , R. M. , Lyle , K. B. and Ruys , K. I. 2001 . Perception and preference in short-term word priming . Psychological Review , 108 : 149 – 182 .
  • Jacoby , L. L. 1983 . Perceptual enhancement: Persistent effects of experience . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 9 : 21 – 38 .
  • Jacoby , L. L. and Dallas , M. 1981 . On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 110 : 306 – 340 .
  • Jacoby , L. L. and Whitehouse , K. 1989 . An illusion of memory: False recognition influenced by unconscious perception . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 118 : 126 – 135 .
  • Joordens , S. and Merikle , P. M. 1992 . False recognition and perception without awareness . Memory and Cognition , 20 : 151 – 159 .
  • Kunst-Wilson , W. R. and Zajonc , R. B. 1980 . Affective discrimination of stimuli that cannot be recognized . Science , 207 : 557 – 558 .
  • Lavender , T. and Hommel , B. 2007 . Affect and action: Towards an event-coding account . Cognition and Emotion , 21 : 1270 – 1296 .
  • Lazarus , R. S. 1981 . A cognitivist's reply to Zajonc on emotion and cognition . American Psychologist , 36 : 222 – 223 .
  • Lazarus , R. S. 1982 . Thoughts on the relations between emotion and cognition . American Psychologist , 37 : 1019 – 1024 .
  • Lazarus , R. S. 1995 . Vexing research problems inherent in cognitive-mediational theories of emotion—And some solutions . Psychological Inquiry , 6 : 183 – 196 .
  • LeDoux , J. E. 1986 . Sensory systems and emotion: A model of affective processing . Integrative Psychiatry , 4 : 237 – 243 .
  • LeDoux , J. E. 1996 . The emotional brain , New York : Simon & Schuster .
  • Liddell , B. J. , Brown , K. J. , Kemp , A. H. , Barton , M. J. , Das , P. Peduto , A. 2005 . A direct brainstem–amygdalacortical “alarm” system for subliminal signals of fear . NeuroImage , 24 : 235 – 243 .
  • Mandler , G. 1980 . Recognizing: The judgment of previous occurrence . Psychological Review , 87 : 252 – 271 .
  • Mandler , G. 1996 . “ Consciousness redux ” . In Scientific approaches to consciousness: The twenty-fifth Carnegie symposium on cognition , Edited by: Cohen , J. C. and Schooler , J. W. 479 – 498 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
  • Mandler , G. , Nakamura , Y. and Van Zandt , B. J. S. 1987 . Nonspecific effects of exposure on stimuli that cannot be recognized . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 13 : 646 – 648 .
  • Markman , A. B. and Brendl , C. M. 2005 . Constraining theories of embodied cognition . Psychological Science , 16 : 6 – 10 .
  • Merikle , P. M. and Reingold , E. M. 1991 . Comparing direct (explicit) and indirect (implicit) measures to study unconscious memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 17 : 224 – 233 .
  • Monahan , J. L. , Murphy , S. T. and Zajonc , R. B. 2000 . Subliminal mere exposure: Specific, general, and diffuse effects . Psychological Science , 11 : 462 – 466 .
  • Monin , B. 2003 . The warm glow heuristic: When liking leads to familiarity . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 85 : 1035 – 1048 .
  • Murphy , S. T. and Zajonc , R. B. 1993 . Affect, cognition and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 64 : 723 – 739 .
  • Neumann , R. and Strack , F. 2000 . Approach and avoidance: The influence of proprioceptive and exteroceptive cues on encoding of affective information . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 79 : 39 – 48 .
  • Oatley , K. and Johnson-Laird , P. N. 1987 . Towards a cognitive theory of emotions . Cognition and Emotion , 1 : 29 – 50 .
  • Oatley , K. and Johnson-Laird , P. N. 1995 . “ The communicative theory of emotions: Empirical tests, mental models, and implications for social interaction ” . In Striving and feeling: Interactions among goals, affect, and self-regulation , Edited by: Martin , L. L. and Tesser , A. 363 – 380 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
  • Phaf , R. H. , Mul , N. M. and Wolters , G. 1994 . “ A connectionist view on dissociations ” . In Attention and performance: XV. Conscious and nonconscious information processing , Edited by: Umiltà , C. and Moscovitch , M. 725 – 751 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Phaf , R. H. and Rotteveel , M. 2005 . Affective modulation of recognition bias . Emotion , 5 : 309 – 318 .
  • Phaf , R. H. , van der Leij , A. R. , Stienen , B. M. C. and Bierman , D. 2006 . Positieve, neutrale en negatieve woorden bij minimale aanbieding: Een ordening door perceptuele clarificatie [Positive, neutral, and negative words at minimal presentation levels: Ordering by perceptual clarification] , Amsterdam, , The Netherlands : Technical Report, Universiteit van Amsterdam .
  • Phaf , R. H. and Wolters , G. 1997 . A constructivist and connectionist view on conscious and nonconscious processes . Philosophical Psychology , 10 : 287 – 307 .
  • Pratto , F. and John , O. P. 1991 . Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of negative social information . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 : 380 – 391 .
  • Reber , R. , Winkielman , P. and Schwarz , N. 1998 . Effects of perceptual fluency on affective judgments . Psychological Science , 9 : 45 – 48 .
  • Rizzolatti , G. and Arbib , M. 1998 . Language within our grasp . Trends in Neurosciences , 21 : 188 – 192 .
  • Roelofs , K. , Elzinga , B. M. and Rotteveel , M. 2005 . The effects of stress-induced cortisol responses on approach–avoidance behavior . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 30 : 665 – 677 .
  • Rotteveel , M. , Bonarius , H. , & Phaf , R. H. ( 2007 ). Avoiding the withdrawing angry face . Manuscript in preparation , University of Amsterdam .
  • Rotteveel , M. , de Groot , P. , Geutskens , A. and Phaf , R. H. 2001 . Stronger suboptimal than optimal affective priming? . Emotion , 1 : 348 – 364 .
  • Rotteveel , M. and Phaf , R. H. 2004a . Automatic affective evaluation does not automatically predispose for arm flexion and extension . Emotion , 4 : 156 – 172 .
  • Rotteveel , M. and Phaf , R. H. 2004b . Loading working memory enhances affective priming . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 11 : 326 – 331 .
  • Rotteveel , M. , van Ditzhuijzen , J. and Phaf , R. H. 2004 . “ Loading working memory interferes with affect incongruent movements ” . In Advances in psychology research , Edited by: Columbus , F. Vol. 31 , 111 – 122 . New York : Nova Publishers .
  • Seamon , J. G. , Marsh , R. L. and Brody , N. 1984 . Critical importance of exposure duration for affective discrimination of stimuli that are not recognized . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 10 : 465 – 469 .
  • Seamon , J. G. , McKenna , P. A. and Binder , N. 1998 . The mere exposure effect is differentially sensitive to different judgments tasks . Consciousness and Cognition , 7 : 85 – 102 .
  • Shaver , P. , Schwartz , J. , Kirson , D. and O'Connor , C. 1987 . Emotion knowledge: Further exploration of a prototype approach . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 52 : 1061 – 1086 .
  • Smith , C. A. and Ellsworth , P. C. 1985 . Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 : 813 – 838 .
  • Snodgrass , J. G. and Corwin , J. 1988 . Pragmatics of measuring recognition memory: Applications to dementia and amnesia . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 117 : 34 – 50 .
  • Snodgrass , M. , Shevrin , H. and Kopka , M. 1993 . The mediation of intentional judgments by unconscious perceptions: The influences of task strategy, task preference, word meaning, and motivation . Consciousness and Cognition , 2 : 169 – 193 .
  • Solarz , A. K. 1960 . Latency of instrumental responses as a function of compatibility with the meaning of eliciting verbal signs . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 59 : 239 – 245 .
  • Spruyt , A. , Hermans , D. , Pandelaere , M. , De Houwer , J. and Eelen , P. 2004 . On the replicability of the affective priming effect in the pronunciation task . Experimental Psychology , 51 : 109 – 115 .
  • Stapel , D. A. , Koomen , W. and Ruys , K. I. 2002 . The effects of diffuse and distinct affect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 83 : 60 – 74 .
  • Storbeck , J. and Clore , G. L. 2005 . With sadness comes accuracy, with happiness, false memory: Mood and the false memory effect . Psychological Science , 16 : 785 – 791 .
  • Storbeck , J. and Clore , G. L. 2007 . On the interdependence of cognition and emotion . Cognition and Emotion , 21 : 1212 – 1237 .
  • Strack , F. , Martin , L. L. and Stepper , S. 1988 . Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 768 – 777 .
  • Strack , F. and Neumann , R. 2000 . Furrowing the brow may undermine perceived fame: The role of facial feedback in judgments of celebrity . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 26 : 762 – 768 .
  • Taylor , S. E. 1991 . Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: The mobilization–minimization hypothesis . Psychological Bulletin , 110 : 67 – 85 .
  • Van Selst , M. and Merikle , P. M. 1993 . Perception below the objective threshold? . Consciousness and Cognition , 2 : 194 – 203 .
  • Whittlesea , B. W. A. and Price , J. R. 2001 . Implicit/explicit memory versus analytic/non-analytic processing: Rethinking the mere exposure effect . Memory & Cognition , 29 : 234 – 246 .
  • Winkielman , P. and Cacioppo , J. T. 2001 . Mind at ease puts a smile on the face: Psychophysiological evidence that processing facilitation elicits positive affect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 81 : 989 – 1000 .
  • Wong , P. S. and Root , J. C. 2003 . Dynamic variations in affective priming . Consciousness and Cognition , 12 : 147 – 168 .
  • Zajonc , R. B. 1980 . Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences . American Psychologist , 35 : 151 – 175 .
  • Zajonc , R. B. 1981 . A one-factor mind about mind and emotion . American Psychologist , 36 : 102 – 103 .
  • Zajonc , R. B. 1984 . On the primacy of affect . American Psychologist , 39 : 117 – 123 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.