Positive emotions enhance recall of peripheral details

References

• American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision) . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Association .
   Google Scholar
• Berntsen , D. 2002 . Tunnel memories for autobiographical events: Central details are remembered more frequently from shocking than from happy experiences . Memory & Cognition , 30 : 1010 – 1020 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bless , H. , Clore , G. L. , Schwarz , N. , Golisano , V. , Rabe , C. and Wölk , M. 1996 . Mood and the use of scripts: Does being in a happy mood really lead to mindlessness? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 71 : 665 – 679 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohn , A. and Berntsen , D. 2007 . Pleasantness bias in flashbulb memories: Positive and negative flashbulb memories of the fall of the Berlin Wall among East and West Germans . Memory & Cognition , 35 : 565 – 577 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt , C. D. B. , Watt , S. C. , Mitchell , D. A. and Conway , M. A. 1998 . Retrieving the sequence of autobiographical event components . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 12 : 321 – 338 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler , L. D. and Wolfner , A. L. 2000 . Some characteristics of positive and negative (“most traumatic”) event memories in a college sample . Journal of Trauma & Dissociation , 1 : 45 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Carstensen , L. L. , Mayr , U. , Pasupathi , M. and Nesselroade , J. R. 2000 . Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 79 : 644 – 655 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christianson , S.-Å. 1992 . Emotional stress and eyewitness memory: A critical review . Psychological Bulletin , 112 : 284 – 309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christianson , S.-Å. and Hubinette , B. 1993 . Hands up! A study of witnesses’ emotional reactions and memories associated with bank robberies . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 7 : 365 – 379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christianson , S.-Å. and Loftus , E. F. 1990 . Some characteristics of people's traumatic memories . Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , 28 : 195 – 198 .
   Google Scholar
• Christianson , S.-Å. and Loftus , E. F. 1991 . Remembering emotional events: The fate of detailed information . Cognition and Emotion , 5 : 81 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christianson , S.-Å. and Mjöerndal , T. 1985 . Adrenalin, emotional arousal and memory . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , 26 : 237 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Argembeau , A. , Comblain , C. and van der Linden , M. 2003 . Phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories for positive, negative, and neutral events . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 17 : 281 – 294 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Argembeau , A. and van der Linden , M. 2005 . Influence of emotion on memory for temporal information . Emotion , 5 : 503 – 507 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Destun , L. M. and Kuiper , N. A. 1999 . Phenomenal characteristics associated with real and imagined events: The effects of event valence and absorption . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 13 : 175 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doerksen , S. and Shimamura , A. P. 2001 . Source memory enhancement for emotional words . Emotion , 1 : 5 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutton , A. and Carroll , M. 2001 . Eyewitness testimony: Effects of source of arousal on memory, source-monitoring, and metamemory judgments . Australian Journal of Psychology , 53 : 83 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easterbrook , J. A. 1959 . The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior . Psychological Review , 66 : 183 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellsworth , P. C. and Scherer , K. R. 2003 . “ Appraisal processes in emotion ” . In Handbook of affective sciences , Edited by: Davidson , R. J. , Scherer , K. R. and Goldsmith , H. H. 572 – 595 . Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Estrada , C. A. , Isen , A. M. and Young , M. J. 1997 . Positive affect facilitates integration of information and decreases anchoring in reasoning among physicians . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 72 : 117 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson , B. L. 1998 . What good are positive emotions? . Review of General Psychology , 2 : 300 – 319 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fredrickson , B. L. 2001 . The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions . American Psychologist , 56 : 218 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson , B. L. and Branigan , C. 2005 . Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought–action repertoires . Cognition and Emotion , 19 : 313 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Intraub , H. and Richardson , M. 1989 . Wide-angle memories of close-up scenes . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 15 : 179 – 187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isen , A. M. and Daubman , K. A. 1984 . The influence of affect on categorization . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 47 : 1206 – 1217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isen , A. M. , Daubman , K. A. and Nowicki , G. P. 1987 . Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 52 : 1122 – 1131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , M. K. 1988 . Reality monitoring: An experimental phenomenological approach . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 117 : 390 – 394 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , M. K. , Hashtroudi , S. and Lindsay , D. 1993 . Source monitoring . Psychological Bulletin , 114 : 3 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kensinger , E. A. and Corkin , S. 2003 . Memory enhancement for emotional words: Are emotional words more vividly remembered than neutral words? . Memory & Cognition , 31 : 1169 – 1180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kensinger , E. A. and Schacter , D. L. 2006 . When the Red Sox shocked the Yankees: Comparing negative and positive memories . Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , 13 : 757 – 763 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koss , M. P. , Tromp , S. and Tharan , M. 1995 . Traumatic memories: Empirical foundations, forensic and clinical implications . Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice , 2 : 111 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. S. 1991 . Emotion & adaptation , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lerner , J. S. , Gonzalez , R. M. , Small , D. A. and Fischhoff , B. 2003 . Effects of fear and anger on perceived risks of terrorism: A national field experiment . Psychological Science , 14 : 144 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , L. J. and Bluck , S. 2004 . Painting with broad strokes: Happiness and the malleability of event memory . Cognition and Emotion , 18 : 559 – 574 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , L. J. and Burgess , S. L. 1997 . Beyond general arousal: Effects of specific emotions on memory . Social Cognition , 15 : 157 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , L. J. and Pizarro , D. A. 2004 . Emotion and memory research: A grumpy overview . Social Cognition , 22 : 530 – 554 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libkuman , T. M. , Nichols-Whitehead , P. , Griffith , J. and Thomas , R. 1999 . Source of arousal and memory for detail . Memory & Cognition , 27 : 166 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libkuman , T. M. , Stabler , C. L. and Otani , H. 2004 . Arousal, valence, and memory for detail . Memory , 12 : 237 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewenstein , G. F. , Weber , E. U. , Hsee , C. K. and Welch , N. 2001 . Risk as feelings . Psychological Bulletin , 127 : 267 – 286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKay , D. G. and Ahmetzanov , M. V. 2005 . Emotion, memory, and attention in the taboo Stroop paradigm: An experimental analogue of flashbulb memories . Psychological Science , 16 : 25 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKay , D. G. , Shafto , M. , Taylor , J. K. , Marian , D. E. , Abrams , L. and Dyer , J. R. 2004 . Relations between emotion, memory, and attention: Evidence from taboo Stroop, lexical decision, and immediate memory tasks . Memory & Cognition , 32 : 474 – 488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNally , R. J. 2003 . Remembering trauma , Cambridge, MA : Belknap Press .
   Google Scholar
• Öhman , A. , Flykt , A. and Esteves , F. 2001 . Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 130 : 466 – 478 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , J. and Banaji , M. R. 2000 . Mood and heuristics: The influence of happy and sad states on sensitivity and bias in stereotyping . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 78 : 1005 – 1023 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickel , K. L. 1999 . The influence of context on the “weapon focus” effect . Law & Human Behavior , 23 : 299 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghunathan , R. and Pham , M. T. 1999 . All negative moods are not equal: Motivational influences of anxiety and sadness on decision making . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 79 : 56 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisberg , D. and Heuer , F. 2004 . “ Memory for emotional events ” . In Memory and emotion , Edited by: Reisberg , D. and Hertel , P. 3 – 41 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , J. A. 1976 . Sampling autobiographical memory . Cognitive Psychology , 8 : 578 – 595 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , D. C. 1980 . 51 Properties of 125 words: A unit analysis of verbal behavior . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 19 : 736 – 753 .
   Google Scholar
• Rubin , D. C. 2006 . The basic-systems model of episodic memory . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 1 : 277 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , D. C. , Berntsen , D. , & Johansen , M. K. (in press) . A mnemonic model of posttraumatic stress disorder: Evaluating basic assumptions underlying the PTSD diagnosis . Psychological Review .
   Google Scholar
• Rubin , D. C. , Schrauf , R. W. and Greenberg , D. L. 2003 . Belief and recollection of autobiographical memories . Memory & Cognition , 31 : 887 – 901 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , J. A. 1980 . A circumplex model of affect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 39 : 1161 – 1178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safer , M. A. , Christianson , S.-Å. , Autry , M. W. and Österlund , K. 1998 . Tunnel memory for traumatic events . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 12 : 99 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw , J. I. and Skolnick , P. 1999 . Weapon focus and gender differences in eyewitness accuracy: Arousal versus salience . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 29 : 2328 – 2341 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheen , M. , Kemp , S. and Rubin , D. C. 2001 . Twins dispute memory ownership: A new false memory phenomenon . Memory & Cognition , 29 : 779 – 788 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon , H. 1967 . Motivational and emotional controls of cognition . Psychological Review , 74 : 29 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steblay , N. M. 1992 . A meta-analytic review of the weapon focus effect . Law & Human Behavior , 16 : 413 – 424 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storbeck , J. and Clore , G. L. 2005 . With sadness comes accuracy, with happiness, false memory: Mood and the false memory effect . Psychological Science , 16 : 785 – 791 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strube , G. and Neubauer , S. 1988 . “ Remember that exam? ” . In Practical aspects of memory: Current research and issues. Vol. 1: Memory in everyday life , Edited by: Gruneberg , M. M. , Morris , J. S. and Sykes , R. N. 247 – 252 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Talarico , J. M. , LaBar , K. S. and Rubin , D. C. 2004 . Emotional intensity predicts autobiographical memory experience . Memory & Cognition , 32 : 1118 – 1132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terr , L. C. 1991 . Childhood traumas: An outline and overview . American Journal of Psychiatry , 148 : 10 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kolk , B. A. and Fisler , R. 1995 . Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and exploratory study . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 8 : 505 – 525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kolk , B. A. , Hopper , J. W. and Osterman , J. E. 2001 . Exploring the nature of traumatic memory: Combining clinical knowledge with laboratory methods . Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma , 4 : 9 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Watson , D. and Tellegen , A. 1985 . Toward a consensual structure of mood . Psychological Bulletin , 98 : 219 – 235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessel , I. and Merckelbach , H. 1994 . Characteristics of traumatic memories in normal subjects . Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapy , 22 : 315 – 324 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , L. M. 1994 . Recall of childhood trauma: A prospective study of women's memories of child sexual abuse . Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 62 : 1167 – 1176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuille , J. C. and Cutshall , J. L. 1986 . A case study of eyewitness memory of a crime . Journal of Applied Psychology , 71 : 291 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelenski , J. M. and Larsen , R. J. 2000 . The distribution of basic emotions in everyday life: A state and trait perspective from experience sampling data . Journal of Research in Personality , 34 : 178 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar