Processing emotional stimuli: Comparison of saccadic and manual choice-reaction times

References

• Amaral , D. G. , Price , J. L. , Pitkanen , A. and Carmichael , S. 1992 . “ Anatomical organisation of the primate amygdaloid complex ” . In The amygdala , Edited by: Aggleton , J. 1 – 66 . New York : Wiley-LISS .
   Google Scholar
• Armony , J. L. and Dolan , R. J. 2002 . Modulating of spatial attention by fear-conditioned stimuli: An event-related fMRI study . Neuropsychologia , 40 : 817 – 826 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley , B. P. , Mogg , K. , Falla , S. and Hamilton , L. R. 1998 . Attentional bias for threatening facial expressions in anxiety: Manipulations of stimulus duration . Cognition and Emotion , 12 : 737 – 753 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley , B. P. , Mogg , K. and Millar , N. H. 2000 . Covert and overt orientation of attention to emotional faces in anxiety . Cognition and Emotion , 14 : 789 – 808 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvo , M. G. and Lang , P. J. 2004 . Gaze patterns when looking at emotional pictures: Motivationally biased attention . Motivation and Emotion , 28 : 221 – 243 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , R. M. and Langton , S. R. H. 2006 . Attentional bias to angry faces using the dot probe? It depends when you look for it . Behaviour Research Therapy , 44 : 1321 – 1329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Graef , P. 2005 . “ Semantic effects on object selection in real-world scene perception ” . In Cognitive processes in eye guidance , Edited by: Underwood , G. 189 – 212 . Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Eckman , P. and Friesen , W. 1976 . Pictures of facial affect , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Esslen , M. , Pascual-Marqui , R. , Hell , D. , Kochi , K. and Lehmann , D. 2004 . Brain areas and the time course of emotional processing . NeuroImage , 21 : 1189 – 1203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , B. and Weber , H. 1993 . Express saccades and visual attention . Behavioural and Brain Sciences , 16 : 533 – 610 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , E. , Lester , V. , Russo , R. , Bowles , R. J. , Pichler , A. and Dutton , K. 2000 . Facial expressions of emotion: Are angry faces detected more efficiently? . Cognition and Emotion , 14 : 61 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner , M. , Mogg , K. and Bradley , B. P. 2006 . Orienting and maintenance of gaze to facial expressions in social anxiety . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 115 : 760 – 770 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon , R. D. 2004 . Attentional allocation during the perception of scenes . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 30 : 760 – 777 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotlib , I. H. , Krasnoperova , E. , & Neubauer , D. L. 2002 . Attentional biases for negative interpersonal stimuli in clinical depression . Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University, Stanford, CA .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , J. M. 2003 . Human gaze control during real-world scene perception . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 7 : 498 – 504 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermans , D. , Vansteenwegen , D. and Eelen , P. 1999 . Eye movement registration as a continuous index of attention deployment: Data from a group of spider anxious students . Cognition and Emotion , 13 : 419 – 434 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt , A. R. , Cooper , R. , Hungr , C. and Kingstone , A. 2007a . The effect of emotional faces on eye movements and attention . Visual Cognition , 15 : 513 – 531 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt , A. R. , von Mühlenen , A. and Kingstone , A. 2007b . The time course of attentional and oculomotor capture reveals a common course . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 33 : 271 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Issaacowitz , D. M. , Wadlinger , H. A. , Goren , D. and Wilson , H. R. 2006 . Is there an age-related positivity effect in visual attention? A comparison of two methodologies . Emotion , 6 : 511 – 516 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirchner , H. and Thorpe , S. J. 2006 . Ultra-rapid object detection with saccadic eye movements: Visual processing speed revisited . Vision Research , 46 : 1762 – 1776 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kissler , J. and Keil , A. 2008 . Look–Don't look! How emotional pictures affect pro- and anti-saccades . Experimental Brain Research , 188 : 215 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koster , E. H. W. , Verschuere , B. , Burssens , B. , Custers , R. and Crombez , G. 2007 . Attention for emotional faces under restricted awareness revisited: Do emotional faces automatically attract attention? . Emotion , 7 : 285 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavie , N. , Hirst , A. , Fockert , J. W. and Viding , W. 2004 . Load theory and selective attention and cognitive control . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 133 : 339 – 354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeDoux , J. E. 1996 . The emotional brain , New York : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Lundqvist , D. and Öhman , A. 2005 . Emotion regulates attention: The relation between facial configurations, facial emotion and visual attention . Visual Cognition , 12 : 51 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miltner , W. H. R. , Krieschel , S. , Hecht , H. , Trippe , R. and Weiss , T. 2004 . Eye movements and behavioural responses to threatening and non-threatening stimuli during visual search in phobic and non-phobic subjects . Emotion , 4 : 323 – 339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogg , K. and Bradley , B. P. 1999 . Orienting of attention to threatening facial expressions presented under conditions of restricted awareness . Cognition and Emotion , 13 : 713 – 740 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogg , K. , Garner , M. and Bradley , B. P. 2007 . Anxiety and orienting of gaze to angry and fearful faces . Biological Psychology , 76 : 163 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogg , K. , McNamara , J. , Powys , M. , Rawlinson , H. , Seiffer , A. and Bradley , B. P. 2000a . Selective attention to threat: A test of two cognitive models of anxiety . Cognition and Emotion , 14 : 375 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogg , K. , Millar , N. H. and Bradley , B. 2000b . Biases in eye movements to threatening facial expressions in generalized anxiety disorder and depressive disorder . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 109 : 695 – 704 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nummenmaa , L. , Hyöna , J. and Calvo , M. 2006 . Eye movement assessment of selective attentional capture by emotional pictures . Emotion , 6 : 257 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öhman , A. , Flykt , A. and Esteves , F. 2001a . Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 130 : 466 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öhman , A. , Lundqvist , D. and Esteves , F. 2001b . The face in the crowd revisited: A threat advantage with schematic stimuli . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 80 : 381 – 396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öhman , A. and Mineka , S. 2001 . Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning . Psychological Review , 108 : 483 – 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purcell , D. G. , Stewart , A. L. and Skov , R. B. 1996 . It takes a confounded face to pop out of a crowd . Perception , 25 : 1091 – 1108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohner , J. C. 2002 . The time course of visual threat processing: High trait anxious individuals eventually avert their gaze from angry faces . Cognition and Emotion , 16 : 837 – 844 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousselet , G. A. , Macé , M. J. M. and Fabre-Thorpe , M. 2003 . Is it an animal? Is it a human face? Fast processing in upright and inverted natural scenes . Journal of Vision , 3 : 440 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saslow , M. G. 1967 . Latency for saccadic eye movement . Journal of the Optical Society of America , 57 : 1030 – 1033 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorpe , S. J. , Crouzet , S. , & Kirchner , H. 2007 . Saliency maps and ultra-rapid choice saccade tasks [Abstract] . Journal of Vision , 7 9 , 30 , 30a .
   Google Scholar
• Thorpe , S. J. , Crouzet , S. , Kirchner , H. , & Fabre-Thorpe , M. 2006 October . Ultra-rapid face detection in natural images: Implications for computation in the visual system . Paper presented at the Neurosciences Computationnelles, Pont-à-Mousson, France .
   Google Scholar
• Thorpe , S. J. , Fize , D. and Marlot , C. 1996 . Speed of processing in the human visual system . Nature , 381 : 520 – 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipples , J. , Young , A. W. , Quinlan , P. , Broks , P. and Ellis , A. 2002 . Searching for threat . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 55A : 1007 – 1026 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuilleumier , P. , Armony , J. , Driver , J. and Dolan , R. 2003 . Distinct spatial frequency sensitivities for processing faces and emotional expressions . Nature Neuroscience , 6 : 624 – 631 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar