Finding the face in a crowd: Relationships between distractor redundancy, target emotion, and target gender

REFERENCES

• Becker , D. V. , Kenrick , D. T. , Neuberg , S. L. , Blackwell , K. C. and Smith , D. M. 2007 . The confounded nature of angry men and happy women . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 92 : 179 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody , L. R. and Hall , J. A. 2008 . “ Gender and emotion in context ” . In Handbook of emotions , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Lewis , M. , Haviland , J. M. and Feldman Barrett , L. 395 – 408 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Byrne , A. and Eysenck , M. W. 1995 . Trait anxiety, anxious mood, and threat detection . Cognition and Emotion , 9 : 549 – 562 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvo , M. G. , Avero , P. and Lundqvist , D. 2006 . Facilitated detection of angry faces: Initial orienting and processing efficiency . Cognition and Emotion , 20 : 785 – 811 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvo , M. G. and Lundqvist , D. 2008 . Facial expressions of emotion (KDEF): Identification under different display-duration conditions . Behavior Research Methods , 40 : 109 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvo , M. G. and Nummenmaa , L. 2008 . Detection of emotional faces: Salient physical features guide effective visual search . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 137 : 471 – 494 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan , J. and Humphreys , G. W. 1989 . Visual-search and stimulus similarity . Psychological Review , 96 : 433 – 458 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteves , F. 1999 . Attentional bias to emotional facial expressions . European Review of Applied Psychology , 49 : 91 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabes , R. A. and Martin , C. L. 1991 . Gender and age stereotypes of emotionality . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 17 : 532 – 540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farah , M. J. , Tanaka , J. W. and Drain , H. M. 1995 . What causes the face inversion effect? . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 21 : 628 – 634 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flykt , A. 2006 . Preparing for action: Responding to the snake in the grass . American Journal of Psychology , 119 : 29 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , E. and Damjanovic , L. 2006 . The eyes are sufficient to produce a threat superiority effect . Emotion , 6 : 534 – 539 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , E. , Lester , V. , Russo , R. , Bowles , R. J. , Pichler , A. and Dutton , K. 2000 . Facial expressions of emotion: Are angry faces detected more efficiently? . Cognition and Emotion , 14 : 61 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frijda , N. 1986 . The emotions , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Garcia-Moreno , C ., Jansen , H. A. F. M ., Ellsberg , M ., Heise , L ., & Watts , C. H ., on behalf of the WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women Study Team . 2006 . Prevalence of intimate partner violence: Findings from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence . Lancet , 368 , 1260 1269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilboa-Schechtman , E. , Foa , E. B. and Amir , N. 1999 . Attentional biases for facial expressions in social phobia: The face-in-the-crowd paradigm . Cognition and Emotion , 13 : 305 – 318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , C. H. and Hansen , R. D. 1988 . Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 917 – 924 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haxby , J. V. , Hoffman , E. A. and Gobbini , M. I. 2000 . The distributed human neural system for face perception . Trends in Cognitive Science , 4 : 223 – 233 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horstmann , G. and Bauland , A. 2006 . Search asymmetries with real faces: Testing the anger-superiority effect . Emotion , 6 : 193 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juth , P. , Lundqvist , D. , Karlsson , A. and Öhman , A. 2005 . Looking for foes and friends: Perceptual and emotional factors when finding a face in the crowd . Emotion , 5 : 379 – 395 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaFrance , M. , Hecht , M. A. and Levy Paluck , E. 2003 . The contingent smile: A meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling . Psychological Bulletin , 129 : 305 – 334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavie , N. 1995 . Perceptual load as a necessary condition for selective attention . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 21 : 451 – 468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavie , N. 2005 . Distracted and confused? Selective attention under load . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 9 : 75 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundqvist , D ., Flykt , A ., & Öhman , A . 1998 . Karolinska directed emotional faces [CD] . Section of Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. (Available at http://www.facialstimuli.com/
   Google Scholar
• Lundqvist , D. and Öhman , A. 2005 . Emotion regulates attention: The relation between facial configuration, facial emotion, and visual attention . Visual Cognition , 12 : 51 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mather , M. and Knight , M. R. 2006 . Angry faces get noticed quickly: Threat detection is not impaired among older adults . Journals of Gerontology: Series B-Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences , 61 : 54 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers , D. G. 2006 . Psychology , 8th edn , New York : Worth Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Öhman , A. , Flykt , A. and Lundqvist , D. 2000 . “ Unconscious emotion: Evolutionary perspectives, psychophysiological data, and neuropsychological mechanisms ” . In The cognitive neuroscience of emotion , Edited by: Lane , R. and Nadel , L. 296 – 327 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Öhman , A. , Lundqvist , D. and Esteves , F. 2001 . The face in the crowd revisited: A threat advantage with schematic stimuli . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 80 : 381 – 396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palermo , R. and Coltheart , M. 2004 . Photographs of facial expression: Accuracy, response times, and ratings of intensity. Behavior Research Methods . Instruments & Computers , 36 : 636 – 638 .
   Google Scholar
• Purcell , D. G. , Stewart , A. L. and Skov , R. B. 1996 . It takes a confounded face to pop out of a crowd . Perception , 25 : 1091 – 1108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauschenberger , R. and Yantis , S. 2006 . Perceptual encoding efficiency in visual search . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 135 : 116 – 131 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schweinberger , S. R. and Soukup , G. R. 1998 . Asymmetric relationships among perceptions of facial identity, emotion, and facial speech . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 24 : 1748 – 1765 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipples , J. , Atkinson , A. P. and Young , A. W. 2002 . The eyebrow frown: A salient social signal . Emotion , 2 : 288 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , M. A. , Moss , S. A. , Bradshaw , J. L. and Mattingly , J. B. 2005 . Look at me, I'm smiling: Visual search for threatening and nonthreatening facial expressions . Visual Cognition , 12 : 29 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar