The time course of attentional bias for emotional faces in anxious children

REFERENCES

• Bar-Haim , Y. , Lamy , D. , Pergamin , L. , Bakermans-Kranenburg , M. J. , & van IJzendoorn , M. H. 2007 Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: A meta-analytic study . Psychological Bulletin , 133 , 1 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittner , A. , Egger , H. L. , Erkanli , A. , Costello , J. , Foley , D. L. and Angold , A. 2007 . What do childhood anxiety disorders predict? . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 48 : 1174 – 1183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bögels , S. M. and Mansell , W. 2004 . Attention processes in the maintenance and treatment of social phobia: Hypervigilance, avoidance and self-focused attention . Clinical Psychology Review , 24 : 827 – 856 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley , B. P. , Mogg , K. , Falla , S. J. and Hamilton , L. R. 1998 . Attentional bias for threatening facial expressions in anxiety: Manipulation of stimulus duration . Cognition and Emotion , 12 ( 6 ) : 737 – 753 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley , B. P. , Mogg , K. , White , J. , Groom , C. and de Bono , J. 1999 . Attentional bias for emotional faces in generalised anxiety disorder . British Journal for Clinical Psychology , 38 : 267 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalgleish , T. , Taghavi , R. , Neshat-Doost , H. T. , Moradi , A. , Canterbury , R. and Yule , W. 2003 . Patterns of processing bias for emotional information across clinical disorders: A comparison of attention, memory, and prospective cognition in children and adolescents with depression, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorders . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 32 : 10 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel , A. E. 1983 . Power, privilege, and prestige , Melbourne, , Australia : Longman Cheshire .
   Google Scholar
• Derryberry , D. and Reed , M. A. 2002 . Anxiety-related attention biases and their regulation by attention control . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 111 ( 2 ) : 225 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frewen , P. A. , Dozois , D. J. A. , Joanisse , M. F. and Neufeld , R. W. J. 2008 . Selective attention to threat versus reward: Meta-analysis and neural-network modeling of the dot-probe task . Clinical Psychology Review , 28 ( 2 ) : 307 – 337 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner , M. , Mogg , K. and Bradley , B. P. 2006 . Orienting and maintenance of gaze to facial expressions in social anxiety . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 115 ( 4 ) : 760 – 770 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heim-Dreger , U. , Kohlmann , C.-W. , Eschenbeck , H. and Burkhardt , U. 2006 . Attentional biases for threatening faces in children: Vigilant and avoidant processes . Emotion , 6 ( 2 ) : 320 – 325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt , C. , Keogh , E. and French , C. C. 2007 . Anxiety sensitivity, conscious awareness and selective attention biases in children . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 45 ( 3 ) : 497 – 509 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koster , E. H. W. , Verschuere , B. , Crombez , G. and Van Damme , S. 2005 . Time course of attention for threatening pictures in high and low trait anxiety . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 43 : 1087 – 1093 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs , M. 1992 . Children's depression inventory , New York : Multi-Health Systems .
   Google Scholar
• Lonigan , C. J. and Vasey , M. W. 2009 . Negative affectivity, effortful control, and attention to threat-relevant stimuli . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 37 : 387 – 399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michael , T. , Zetsche , U. and Margraf , J. 2007 . Epidemiology of anxiety disorders . Psychiatry , 6 ( 4 ) : 136 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Mogg , K. and Bradley , B. P. 1998 . A cognitive-motivational analysis of anxiety . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 36 : 809 – 848 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogg , K. and Bradley , B. P. 1999 . Some methodological issues in assessing attentional biases for threatening faces in anxiety: A replication study using a modified version of the probe detection task . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 37 : 595 – 604 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogg , K. , Bradley , B. P. , de Bono , J. and Painter , M. 1997 . Time course of attentional bias for threat information in non-clinical anxiety . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 35 ( 4 ) : 297 – 303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogg , K. , Bradley , B. P. , Miles , F. and Dixon , R. 2004a . Time course of attentional bias for threat scenes: Testing the vigilance–avoidance hypothesis . Cognition and Emotion , 18 ( 5 ) : 689 – 700 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogg , K. , Philippot , P. and Bradley , B. P. 2004b . Selective attention to angry faces in clinical social phobia . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 113 ( 1 ) : 160 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk , C. S. , Nelson , E. E. , McClure , E. B. , Mogg , K. , Bradley , B. P. Leibenluft , E. 2006 . Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation and attention bias in response to angry faces in adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 163 ( 6 ) : 1091 – 1097 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muris , P. and Field , A. P. 2008 . Distorted cognition and pathological anxiety in children and adolescents . Cognition and Emotion , 22 ( 3 ) : 395 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muris , P. , Merckelbach , H. , Ollendick , T. , King , N. and Bogie , N. 2002 . Three traditional and three new childhood anxiety questionnaires: their reliability and validity in a normal adolescent sample . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 40 ( 7 ) : 753 – 772 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauta , M. H. , Scholing , A. , Rapee , R. , Abbott , M. , Spence , S. H. and Waters , A. M. 2004 . A parent-report measure of children's anxiety: Psychometric properties and comparison with child-report in a clinical and normal sample . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 42 : 413 – 439 .
   Google Scholar
• Pine , D. S. , Mogg , K. , Bradley , B. P. , Montgomery , L. , Monk , C. S. McClure , E. 2005 . Attention bias to threat in maltreated children: Implications for vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology . American Journal of Psychiatry , 162 : 291 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy , A. D. , Vasa , R. A. , Bruck , M. , Mogg , D. , Bradley , B. P. , Sweeney , M. , et al. , & The Cams Team . 2008 Attention bias toward threat in pediatric anxiety disorders . Child Adolescent Psychiatry , 47 10 1 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Spence , S. H. 1998 . A measure of anxiety symptoms among children . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 36 : 545 – 566 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberger , C. D. 1973 . State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for children , Redwood City, CA : Mind Garden .
   Google Scholar
• Stirling , L. J. , Eley , T. C. and Clark , D. M. 2006 . Preliminary evidence for an association between social anxiety symptoms and avoidance of negative faces in school-age children . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 35 ( 3 ) : 440 – 445 .
   Google Scholar
• Taghavi , M. R. , Neshat Doost , H. T. , Moradi , A. , Yule , W. and Dalgleish , T. 1999 . Biases in visual attention in children and adolescents with clinical anxiety and mixed anxiety-depression . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 27 : 215 – 223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telzer , E. H. , Mogg , K. , Bradley , B. P. , Mai , X. , Ernst , M. Pine , D. S. 2008 . Relationship between trait anxiety, prefrontal cortex, and attention bias to angry faces in children and adolescents . Biological Psychology , 79 ( 2 ) : 216 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasey , M. W. , Daleiden , E. L. , Williams , L. L. and Brown , L. M. 1995 . Biased attention in childhood anxiety disorders: A preliminary study . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 23 ( 2 ) : 267 – 279 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vasey , M. W. , El-Hag , N. and Daleiden , E. L. 1996 . Anxiety and the processing of emotionally threatening stimuli: Distinctive patterns of selective attention among high- and low-test-anxious children . Child Development , 67 : 1173 – 1185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters , A. M. , Lipp , O. V. and Spence , S. H. 2004 . Attentional bias toward fear-related stimuli: An investigation with nonselected children and adults and children . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 89 : 320 – 337 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters , A. M. , Mogg , K. , Bradley , P. B. and Pine , D. S. 2008a . Attentional bias for emotional faces in children with generalized anxiety disorders . Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 47 ( 4 ) : 435 – 441 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waters , A. M. , Wharton , T. A. , Zimmer-Gembeck , M. J. and Craske , M. G. 2008b . Threat-based cognitive biases in anxious children: Comparison with non-anxious children before and after cognitive behaviour treatment . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 46 ( 3 ) : 358 – 406 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts , S. E. and Weems , C. F. 2006 . Associations among selective attention, memory bias, cognitive errors, and symptoms of anxiety in youth . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 34 : 841 – 852 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , J. M. G. , Watts , F. N. , MacLeod , C. and Mathews , A. 1997 . Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders , 2nd ed , Chichester, , UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar