Getting stuck in depression: The roles of rumination and emotional inertia

REFERENCES

• Aldao , A. , Nolen-Hoeksema , S. and Schweizer , S. 2010 . Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review . Clinical Psychology Review , 30 : 217 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th ed . Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Armey , M. F. , Fresco , D. M. , Moore , M. T. , Mennin , D. S. , Turk , C. L. Heimberg , R. G. 2009 . Brooding and pondering: Isolating the active ingredients of depressive rumination with exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling . Assessment , 16 : 315 – 327 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagby , R. M. , Rector , N. A. , Bacchiochi , J. R. and McBride , C. 2004 . The stability of the Response Styles Questionnaire rumination scale in a sample of patients with major depression . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 28 : 527 – 538 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell-Sills , L. and Barlow , D. H. 2007 . “ Incorporating emotion regulation into conceptualizations and treatments of anxiety and mood disorders ” . In Handbook of emotion regulation , Edited by: Gross , J. J. 542 – 559 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Costa , P. T. and McCrae , R. R. 1980 . Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 38 : 668 – 678 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi , M. and Larsen , R. 1987 . Validity and reliability of the experience sampling method . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 175 : 526 – 536 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , R. N. and Nolen-Hoeksema , S. 2000 . Cognitive inflexibility among ruminators and non-ruminators . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 24 : 699 – 711 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeNeve , K. M. and Cooper , H. 1998 . The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being . Psychological Bulletin , 124 : 197 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Disner , S. G. , Beevers , C. G. , Haigh , E. P. and Beck , A. T. 2011 . Neural mechanisms of the cognitive model of depression . Nature Reviews: Neuroscience , 12 : 467 – 477 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enders , C. K. and Tofighi , D. 2007 . Centering predictor variables in cross-sectional multilevel models: A new look at an old issue . Psychological Methods , 12 : 121 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck , H. J. 1967 . The biological basis of personality , Springfield , IL : Charles C. Thomas .
   Google Scholar
• Forgas , J. P. 2008 . Affect and cognition . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 3 : 94 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotlib , I. H. and Joormann , J. 2010 . Cognition and depression: Current status and future directions . Annual Review of Clinical Psychology , 6 : 285 – 312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottman , J. , Swanson , C. and Swanson , K. 2002 . A general systems theory of marriage: Nonlinear difference equation modeling of marital interaction . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 6 : 326 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamaker , E. L. 2012 . “ Why researchers should think “within-person”: A paradigmatic rationale ” . In Handbook of research methods for studying daily life , Edited by: Mehl , M. R. and Conner , T. S. 43 – 61 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Haslam , N. , Holland , E. and Kuppens , P. 2012 . Categories versus dimensions in personality and psychopathology: A quantitative review of taxometric research . Psychological Medicine , 42 : 903 – 920 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollenstein , T. , Granic , I. , Stoolmiller , M. and Snyder , J. 2004 . Rigidity in parent–child interactions and the development of externalizing and internalizing behavior in early childhood . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 32 : 595 – 607 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtzheimer , P. E. and Mayberg , H. S. 2011 . Stuck in a rut: Rethinking depression and its treatment . Trends in Neurosciences , 34 : 1 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hops , H. , Biglan , A. , Tolman , A. , Arthur , J. and Longoria , N. 1995 . Living in Family Environments (LIFE) coding system: Reference manual for coders , Eugene , OR : Oregon Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Joormann , J. , Dkane , M. and Gotlib , I. H. 2006 . Adaptive and maladaptive components of rumination? . Behavior Therapy , 37 : 269 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashdan , T. B. and Rottenberg , J. 2010 . Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health . Clinical Psychology Review , 30 : 865 – 878 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz , L. F. and Hunter , E. C. 2007 . Maternal meta-emotion philosophy and adolescent depressive symptomatology . Social Development , 16 : 343 – 360 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koval , P. and Kuppens , P. 2012 . Changing emotion dynamics: Individual differences in the effect of anticipatory social stress on emotional inertia . Emotion , 12 : 256 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuppens , P. , Allen , N. B. and Sheeber , L. B. 2010 . Emotional inertia and psychological maladjustment . Psychological Science , 21 : 984 – 991 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuppens , P. , Oravecz , Z. and Tuerlinckx , F. 2010 . Feelings change: Accounting for individual differences in the temporal dynamics of affect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 99 : 1042 – 1060 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuppens , P. , Sheeber , L. B. , Yap , M. B. H. , Whittle , S. , Simmons , J. G. and Allen , N. B. 2012 . Emotional inertia prospectively predicts the onset of depressive disorder in adolescence . Emotion , 12 : 283 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moberly , N. J. and Watkins , E. R. 2008 . Ruminative self-focus and negative affect: An experience sampling study . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 117 : 314 – 323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nezlek , J. B. 2012 . “ Multilevel modeling analyses of diary-style data ” . In Handbook of research methods for studying daily life , Edited by: Mehl , M. R. and Conner , T. S. 357 – 383 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema , S. and Morrow , J. 1991 . A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 : 115 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema , S. , Parker , L. and Larson , J. 1994 . Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 67 : 92 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema , S. , Wisco , B. E. and Lyubomirsky , S. 2008 . Rethinking rumination . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 3 : 400 – 424 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff , L. S. 1977 . The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population . Applied Psychological Measurement , 1 : 385 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raes , F. , Smets , J. , Nelis , S. and Schoofs , H. 2012 . Dampening of positive affect prospectively predicts depressive symptoms in non-clinical samples . Cognition and Emotion , 26 : 75 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , R. E. , Andrews , J. A. , Lewinsohn , P. M. and Hops , H. 1990 . Assessment of depression in adolescents using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale . Psychological Assessment , 2 : 122 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , M. D. , Wilkowski , B. M. , Kirkeby , B. S. and Meier , B. P. 2006 . Stuck in a rut: Perseverative response tendencies and the neuroticism–distress relationship . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 135 : 78 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheeber , L. B. , Allen , N. B. , Leve , C. , Davis , B. , Shortt , J. W. and Katz , L. F. 2009 . Dynamics of affective experience and behavior in depressed adolescents . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 50 : 1419 – 1427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheeber , L. B. , Davis , B. , Leve , C. , Hops , H. and Tildesley , E. 2007 . Adolescents’ relationships with their mothers and fathers: Associations with depressive disorder and subdiagnostic symptomatology . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 116 : 144 – 154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheeber , L. B. Kuppens , P. Shortt , J.W. , Katz , L. F. Davis , B. & Allen , N. B. 2011 . Depression is associated with escalation of adolescents’ dysphoric behavior during interactions with parents . Emotion . Advance online publication . doi: 10.1037/a0025784 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spasojevic , J. and Alloy , L. B. 2001 . Rumination as a common mechanism relating depressive risk to depression . Emotion , 1 : 25 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suls , J. , Green , P. and Hillis , S. 1998 . Emotional reactivity to everyday problems, affective inertia, and neuroticism . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 24 : 127 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takano , K. and Tanno , Y. 2011 . Diurnal variation in rumination . Emotion , 11 : 1046 – 1058 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomsen , D. K. 2006 . The association between rumination and negative affect: A review . Cognition and Emotion , 20 : 1216 – 1235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trapnell , P. D. and Campbell , J. D. 1999 . Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 76 : 284 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treynor , W. , Gonzalez , R. and Nolen-Hoeksema , S. 2003 . Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 27 : 247 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins , E. R. 2008 . Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought . Psychological Bulletin , 134 : 163 – 206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waugh , C. , Thompson , R. and Gotlib , I. 2011 . Flexible emotional responsiveness in trait resilience . Emotion , 11 : 1059 – 1067 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelazo , P. D. and Cunningham , W. A. 2007 . “ Executive function: Mechanisms underlying emotion regulation ” . In Handbook of emotion regulation , Edited by: Gross , J. J. 542 – 559 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar