Measuring the role of conditioning and stimulus generalisation in common fears and worries

REFERENCES

• Askew , C. and Field , A. P. 2007 . Vicarious learning and the development of fears in childhood . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 45 : 2616 – 2627 . doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.06.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britton , J. C. , Lissek , S. , Grillon , C. , Norcross , M. A. and Pine , D. S. 2011 . Development of anxiety: The role of threat appraisal and fear learning . Depression and Anxiety , 28 : 5 – 17 . doi: 10.1002/da.20733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broeren , S. , Lester , K. J. , Muris , P. and Field , A. P. 2011 . They are afraid of the animal, so therefore I am too: Influence of peer modeling on fear beliefs and approach–avoidance behaviors towards animals in typically developing children . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 49 : 50 – 57 . doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunsmoor , J. E. , Mitroff , S. R. and LaBar , K. S. 2009 . Generalization of conditioned fear along a dimension of increasing fear intensity . Learning & Memory , 16 : 460 – 469 . doi: 10.1101/lm.1431609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunsmoor , J. E. , White , A. J. and LaBar , K. S. 2011 . Conceptual similarity promotes generalization of higher order fear learning . Learning & Memory , 18 : 156 – 160 . doi: 10.1101/lm.2016411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn , C. R. , Klein , D. N. , Lissek , S. , Britton , J. C. , Pine , D. S. , & Hajcak , G. 2011 . The development of fear learning and generalization in 8–13 year-olds . Developmental Psychobiology , 54 , 675 – 684 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory , A. M. , Caspi , A. , Moffitt , T. E. , Koenen , K. , Eley , T. C. and Poulton , R. 2007 . Juvenile mental health histories of adults with anxiety disorders . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 164 : 301 – 308 . doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.164.2.301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddad , A. D. M. , Lissek , S. , Pine , D. S. and Lau , J. Y. F. 2011 . How do social fears in adolescence develop? Fear conditioning shapes attention orienting to social threat cues . Cognition and Emotion , 25 : 1139 – 1147 . doi: 10.1080/02699931.2010.524193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamm , A. O. , Vaitl , D. and Lang , P. J. 1989 . Fear conditioning, meaning, and belongingness: A selective association analysis . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 98 : 395 – 406 . doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.98.4.395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermann , C. , Ziegler , S. , Birbaumer , N. and Flor , H. 2002 . Psychophysiological and subjective indicators of aversive Pavlovian conditioning in generalized social phobia . Biological Psychiatry , 52 : 328 – 337 . doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01385-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. , Berglund , P. , Demler , O. , Jin , R. , Merikangas , K. R. and Walters , E. E. 2005 . Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication . Archives of General Psychiatry , 62 : 593 – 602 . doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. , Chiu , W. T. , Demler , O. , Merikangas , K. R. and Walters , E. E. 2005 . Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication . Archives of General Psychiatry , 62 : 617 – 627 . doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau , J. Y. F. , Britton , J. C. , Nelson , E. E. , Angold , A. , Ernst , M. Goldwin , M. 2011 . Distinct neural signatures of threat learning in adolescents and adults . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA , 108 : 4500 – 4505 . doi: 10.1073/pnas.1005494108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau , J. Y. F. , Lissek , S. , Nelson , E. E. , Lee , Y. , Roberson-Nay , R. Poeth , K. 2008 . Fear conditioning in adolescents with anxiety disorders: Results from a novel experimental paradigm . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 47 : 94 – 102 . doi: 10.1097/chi.0b01e31815a5f01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenaert , B. , Claes , S. , Raes , F. , Boddez , Y. , Joos , E. , Vervliet , B. , et al. 2011 . Generalization of conditioned responding: Effects of autobiographical memory specificity . Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry . doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.12.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lissek , S. 2012 . Toward an account of clinical anxiety predicated on basic, neurally mapped mechanisms of Pavlovian fear-learning: The case for conditioned overgeneralization . Depression and Anxiety , 29 : 257 – 263 . doi: 10.1002/da.21922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lissek , S. , Biggs , A. L. , Rabin , S. J. , Cornwell , B. R. , Alvarez , R. P. Pine , D. S. 2008 . Generalization of conditioned fear-potentiated startle in humans: Experimental validation and clinical relevance . Behavior Research and Therapy , 46 : 678 – 687 . doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lissek , S. , Levenson , J. , Biggs , A. L. , Johnson , L. L. , Ameli , R. Pine , D. S. 2008 . Elevated fear conditioning to socially relevant unconditioned stimuli in social anxiety disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 165 : 124 – 132 . doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06091513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lissek , S. , Powers , A. S. , McClure , E. B. , Phelps , E. A. , Woldehawariat , G. Grillon , C. 2005 . Classical fear conditioning in the anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 43 : 1391 – 1424 . doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lissek , S. , Rabin , S. , Heller , R. E. , Lukenbaugh , D. , Geraci , M. Pine , D. S. 2010 . Overgeneralization of conditioned fear as a pathogenic marker of panic disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 167 : 47 – 55 . doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09030410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister , W. R. and McAllister , D. E. 1963 . Increase over time in the stimulus generalization of acquired fear . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 65 : 576 – 582 . doi: 10.1037/h0046583
   Google Scholar
• Pavlov , I. P. 1927 . Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex ( G. V. Anrep, Trans .). London , , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pine , D. S. , Cohen , P. , Gurley , D. , Brook , J. and Ma , Y. 1998 . The risk for early adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders . Archives of General Psychiatry , 55 : 56 – 64 . doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.55.1.56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tottenham , N. , Tanaka , J. W. , Leon , A. C. , McCarry , T. , Nurse , M. , Hare , T. A. , Marcus , D. J. , Westerlund , A. , Casey , B. J. and Nelson , C. 2009 . The NimStim set of facial expressions: Judgments from untrained research participants . Psychiatry Research , 168 : 242 – 249 . doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar