REFERENCES
- Becker, D. V., Anderson, U. S., Mortensen, C. R., Neufeld, S. L., & Neel, R. (2011). The face in the crowd effect unconfounded: Happy faces, not angry faces, are more efficiently detected in single- and multiple-target visual search tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140, 637–659. doi:10.1037/a0024060
- Calvo, M. G., Avero, P., & Lundqvist, D. (2006). Facilitated detection of angry faces: Initial orienting and processing efficiency. Cognition and Emotion, 20(6), 785–811. doi:10.1080/02699930500465224
- Coelho, C. M., Cloete, S., & Wallis, G. (2010). The face-in-the-crowd effect: When angry faces are just cross(es). Journal of Vision, 10, 1–14. 10.1167/10.1.7
- Forster, K. I., & Forster, J. C. (2003). DMDX: A Windows display program with millisecond accuracy. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 35, 116–124. doi:10.3758/BF03195503
- Frischen, A., Eastwood, J. D., & Smilek, D. (2008). Visual search for faces with emotional expressions. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 662–676. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.5.662
- Hansen, C. H., & Hansen, R. D. (1988). Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 917–924. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.917
- Horstmann, G. (2007). Preattentive face processing: What do visual search experiments with schematic faces tell us? Visual Cognition, 15, 799–833. doi:10.1080/13506280600892798
- Horstmann, G. (2009). Visual search for schematic affective faces: Stability and variability of search slopes with different instances. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 355–379. doi:10.1080/02699930801976523
- Horstmann, G., Lipp, O. V., & Becker, S. I. (2012). Of toothy grins and angry snarls—Open mouth displays contribute to efficiency gains in search for emotional faces. Journal of Vision, 12, 1–15. doi:10.1167/12.5.7
- Horstmann, G., Scharlau, I., & Ansorge, U. (2006). More efficient rejection of happy than of angry face distractors in visual search. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13, 1067–1073. doi:10.3758/BF03213927
- Lipp, O. V., Price, S. M., & Tellegen, C. L. (2009a). Emotional faces in neutral crowds: Detecting displays of anger, happiness, and sadness on schematic and photographic images of faces. Motivation and Emotion, 33, 249–260. doi:10.1007/s11031-009-9136-2
- Lipp, O. V., Price, S. M., & Tellegen, C. L. (2009b). No effect of inversion on attentional and affective processing of facial expressions. Emotion, 9, 248–259. doi:10.1037/a0014715
- Maurer, D., Le Grand, R., & Mondloch, C. J. (2002). The many faces of configural processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 255–26010.1016/S1364-6613(02)01903-4
- Nothdurft, H.-C. (1993). Faces and facial expressions do not pop out. Perception, 22(11), 1287–1298. doi:10.1068/p221287
- Öhman, A., Lundqvist, D., & Esteves, F. (2001). The face in the crowd revisited: A threat advantage with schematic stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(3), 381–396. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.3.381
- Purcell, D. G., & Stewart, A. L. (2010). Still another confounded face in the crowd. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 72(8), 2115–2127. doi:10.3758/APP.72.8.2115
- Purcell, D. G., Stewart, A. L., & Skov, R. B. (1996). It takes a confounded face to pop out of a crowd. Perception, 25, 1091–1108. doi:10.1068/p251091
- Rohlf, F. J., & Sokal, R. R. (1995). Statistical tables (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Freeman.
- Savage, R. A., Lipp, O. V., Craig, B. M., Becker, S. I., & Horstmann, G. (2013). In search of the emotional face: Anger versus happiness superiority in visual search. Emotion. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/a0031970
- Whitney, D., & Levi, D. M. (2011). Visual crowding: A fundamental limit on conscious perception and object recognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(4), 160–168. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.02.005