Angry expressions strengthen the encoding and maintenance of face identity representations in visual working memory

REFERENCES

• Anderson, B. A., Laurent, P. A., & Yantis, S. (2011). Value-driven attentional capture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 108(25), 10367–10371. doi:10.1073/pnas.1104047108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. The Psychology of Learning & Motivation, 2, 89–195.
   Google Scholar
• Awh, E., Barton, B., & Vogel, E. K. (2007). Visual working memory represents a fixed number of items regardless of complexity. Psychological Science, 18(7), 622–628. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01949.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bannerman, R. L., Milders, M., & Sahraie, A. (2010). Attentional bias to brief threat-related faces revealed by saccadic eye movements. Emotion, 10(5), 733–738. doi:10.1037/a0019354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton, B., Ester, E. F., & Awh, E. (2009). Discrete resource allocation in visual working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35(5), 1359–1367. doi:10.1037/a0015792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bays, P. M., Catalao, R. F. G., & Husain, M. (2009). The precision of visual working memory is set by allocation of a shared resource. Journal of Vision, 9(10), 1–11. doi:10.1167/9.10.7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bays, P. M., & Husain, M. (2008). Dynamic shifts of limited working memory resources in human vision. Science, 321, 851–854. doi:10.1126/science.1158023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: The Self-Assessment Manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavioral Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), 49–59. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, V., & Young, A. (1986). Understanding face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 77, 305–327. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1986.tb02199.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchner, A., Rothermund, K., Wentura, D., & Mehl, B. (2004). Valence of distracter words increases the effects of irrelevant speech on serial recall. Memory & Cognition, 32, 722–731. doi:10.3758/BF03195862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrasco, M., Ling, S., & Read, S. (2004). Attention alters appearance. Nature Neuroscience, 7(3), 308–313. doi:10.1038/nn1194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioural & Brain Sciences, 24, 87–185. doi:10.1017/S0140525X01003922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Fockert, J. W., Rees, G., Frith, C. D., & Lavie, N. (2001). The role of working memory in visual selective attention. Science, 291(5509), 1803–1806. doi:10.1126/science.1056496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desimone, R., & Duncan, J. (1995). Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 18, 193–222. doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.18.030195.001205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolcos, F., Iordan, A. D., & Dolcos, S. (2011). Neural correlates of emotion–cognition interactions: A review of evidence from brain imaging investigations. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23, 669–694. doi:10.1080/20445911.2011.594433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolcos, F., & McCarthy, G. (2006). Brain systems mediating cognitive interference by emotional distraction. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 2072–2079. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5042-05.2006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downing, P. E., & Dodds, C. M. (2004). Competition in visual working memory for control of search. Visual Cognition, 11(6), 689–703. doi:10.1080/13506280344000446
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastwood, J. D., Smilek, D., & Merikle, P. M. (2003). Negative facial expression captures attention and disrupts performance. Perception & Psychophysics, 65(3), 352–358. doi:10.3758/BF03194566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman, P. (2003). Emotions revealed (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Times Books.
   Google Scholar
• Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1976). Pictures of facial affect. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., & Kardes, F. R. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 229–238. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldmann-Wüstefeld, T., Schmidt-Daffy, M., & Schubö, A. (2011). Neural evidence for the threat detection advantage: Differential attention allocation to angry and happy faces. Psychophysiology, 48(5), 697–707. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01130.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenske, M. J., & Eastwood, J. D. (2003). Modulation of focused attention by faces expressing emotion: Evidence from flanker tasks. Emotion, 3, 327–343. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.3.4.327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, E., & Damjanovic, L. (2006). The eyes are sufficient to produce a threat superiority effect. Emotion, 6(3), 534–539. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuda, K., Awh, E., & Vogel, E. K. (2010). Discrete capacity limits in visual working memory. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 20, 177–182. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2010.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallegos, D. R., & Tranel, D. (2005). Positive facial affect facilitates the identification of famous faces. Brain & Language, 93(3), 338–348. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2004.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galster, M., Kahana, M. J., Wilson, H. R., & Sekuler, R. (2009). Identity modulates short-term memory for facial emotion. Cognitive and Affective Behavioural Neuroscience, 9(4), 412–426. doi:10.3758/CABN.9.4.412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganel, T., & Goshen-Gottstein, Y. (2004). Effects of familiarity on the perceptual integrality of the identity and expression of faces: The parallel route hypothesis revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30(3), 583–597. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.30.3.583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganel, T., Valyear, K. F., Goshen-Gottstein, Y., & Goodale, M. A. (2005). The involvement of the “fusiform face area” in processing facial expression. Neuropsychologia, 43(11), 1645–1654. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.01.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn, S., Carlson, C., Singer, S., & Gronlund, S. D. (2006). Ageing and visual search: Automatic and controlled attentional bias to threat faces. Acta Psychologica, 123, 312–336. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2006.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, J. M., & Hollingworth, A. (2003). Eye movements and visual memory: Detecting changes to saccade targets in scenes. Perception & Psychophysics, 65(1), 58–71. doi:10.3758/BF03194783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horstmann, G., Borgstedt, K., & Heumann, M. (2006). Flanker effects with faces may depend on perceptual as well as emotional differences. Emotion, 6(1), 28–39. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.1.28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houtkamp, R., & Roelfsema, P. R. (2006). The effect of items in working memory on the deployment of attention and the eyes during visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32(2), 423–442. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.32.2.423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, S.-L., Chang, Y.-C., & Chen, Y.-J. (2011). Task-irrelevant angry faces capture attention in visual search while modulated by resources. Emotion, 11(3), 544–552. doi:10.1037/a0022763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, M. C., Linden, D. E. J., & Raymond, J. E. (2012). “Distracters” do not always distract: Visual working memory for angry faces is enhanced by incidental emotional words. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, article 437.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, M. C., & Raymond, J. E. (2008). Familiarity enhances visual working memory for faces. Journal of Experimental psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 34(3), 556–568. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.34.3.556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, M. C., Wolf, C., Johnston, S. J., Raymond, J. E., & Linden, D. E. J. (2008). Neural correlates of enhanced visual short-term memory for angry faces: An fMRI study. PLoS ONE, 3(10), e353610.1371/journal.pone.0003536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, M. C., Wu, C.-Y., Linden, D. E. J., & Raymond, J. E. (2009). Enhanced visual short-term memory for angry faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 35(2), 363–374. doi:10.1037/a0013895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson, M., Mecklinger, A., & Treese, A.-C. (2004). Recognition memory for emotional and neutral faces: An event-related potential study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(10), 1840–1853. doi:10.1162/0898929042947883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastner, S., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2000). Mechanisms of visual attention in the human cortex. Annual Reviews Neuroscience, 23, 315–341. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann, J. M., & Schweinberger, S. R. (2004). Expression influences the recognition of familiar faces. Perception, 33, 399–408. doi:10.1068/p5083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kensinger, E. A. (2007). Negative emotion enhances memory accuracy: Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 213–218. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00506.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kensinger, E. A., Garoff-Eaton, R. J., & Schacter, D. L. (2006). Memory for specific visual details can be enhanced by negative arousing content. Journal of Memory and Language, 54, 99–112. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2005.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kensinger, E. A., Garoff-Eaton, R. J., & Schacter, D. L. (2007). How negative emotion enhances the visual specificity of a memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 1872–1887. doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.11.1872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klaver, P., Talsma, D., Wijers, A. A., Heinze, H. J., & Mulder, G. (1999). An event-related brain potential correlate of visual short-term memory. NeuroReport, 10(10), 2001–2005. doi:10.1097/00001756-199907130-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, E., Kang, J. I., Park, I. H., Kim, J.-J., & An, S. K. (2008). Is a neutral face really evaluated as being emotionally neutral? Psychiatry Research, 157, 77–85. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luck, S. J., & Vogel, E. K. (1997). The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions. Nature, 390(6657), 279–281. doi:10.1038/36846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCollough, A. W., Machizawa, M. G., & Vogel, E. K. (2007). Electrophysiological measures of maintaining representations in visual working memory. Cortex, 43(1), 77–94. doi:10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70447-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mermillod, M., Vermeulen, N., Lundqvist, D., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2009). Neural computation as a tool to differentiate perceptual from emotional processes: The case of anger superiority effect. Cognition, 110, 346–357. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.11.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivers, C. N., Meijer, F., & Theeuwes, J. (2006). Feature-based memory-driven attentional capture: Visual working memory content affects visual attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 1243–1265. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.32.5.1243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond, J. E., & O'Brien, J. L. (2009). Selective visual attention and motivation: The consequences of value learning in an attentional blink task. Psychological Science, 20(8), 981–988. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02391.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter-Levin, G., & Akirav, I. (2003). Emotional tagging of memory information—In the search for neural mechanisms. Brain Research Reviews, 43, 247–256. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2003.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robitaille, N., Grimault, S., & Jolicoeur, P. (2009). Bilateral parietal and contralateral responses during maintenance of unilaterally encoded objects in visual short-term memory: Evidence from magnetoencephalography. Psychophysiology, 46(5), 1090–1099. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00837.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime user's guide. Pittsburgh, PA: Psychology Software Tools.
   Google Scholar
• Sessa, P., Luria, R., Gotler, A., Jolicoeur, P., & Dell'Acqua, R. (2011). Interhemispheric ERP asymmetries over inferior parietal cortex reveal differential visual working memory maintenance for fearful versus neutral facial identities. Psychophysiology, 48, 187–197. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01046.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soto, D., Heinke, D., Humphreys, G. W., & Blanco, M. J. (2005). Early, involuntary top-down guidance of attention from working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 31(2), 248–261. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.31.2.248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian, L., Hindle, J. V., Jackson, M. C., & Linden, D. E. J. (2010). Dopamine boosts memory for angry faces in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 25(16), 2792–2799. doi:10.1002/mds.23420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel, E. K., & Machizawa, M. G. (2004). Neural activity predicts individual differences in visual working memory capacity. Nature, 428(6984), 748–751. doi:10.1038/nature02447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuilleumier, P., Armony, J. L., Driver, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2001). Effects of attention and emotion on face processing in the human brain: An event-related fMRI study. Neuron, 30(3), 829–841. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00328-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuilleumier, P., & Pourtois, G. (2007). Distributed and interactive brain mechanisms during emotion face perception: Evidence from functional neuroimaging. Neuropsychologia, 45(1), 174–194. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, J. M. G., Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1996). The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 120(1), 3–24. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windmann, S., & Kutas, M. (2001). Electrophysiological correlates of emotion-induced recognition bias. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 577–592. doi:10.1162/089892901750363172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodman, G. F., & Luck, S. J. (2007). Do the contents of visual working memory automatically influence attentional selection during visual search? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33, 363–377. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.33.2.363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, J. H., Curtis, C. E., & D'Esposito, M. (2006). Differential effects of distraction during working memory on delay-period activity in the prefrontal cortex and the visual association cortex. NeuroImage, 29(4), 1117–1126. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, W., & Luck, S. J. (2008). Discrete fixed-resolution representations in visual working memory. Nature, 453, 233–235. doi:10.1038/nature06860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar