3,558
Views
45
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Emotion regulation and the temporal dynamics of emotions: Effects of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression on emotional inertia

, , , &
Pages 831-851 | Received 13 Feb 2014, Accepted 21 Jul 2014, Published online: 20 Aug 2014

REFERENCES

  • Aldao, A. (2013). The future of emotion regulation research: Capturing context. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 155–172. doi:10.1177/1745691612459518
  • Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 217–237. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004
  • Allen, N. B., & Sheeber, L. B. (2008). The importance of affective development for the emergence of depressive disorder during adolescence. In N. B. Allen & L. B. Sheeber (Eds.), Adolescent emotional development and the emergence of depressive disorders (pp. 1–10). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bolger, N., & Shrout, P. E. (2007). Accounting for statistical dependency in longitudinal data on dyads. In T. D. Little, J. A. Bovaird, & N. A. Card (Eds.), Modeling contextual effects in longitudinal studies (pp. 285–298). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., Lalande, K., Westphal, M., & Coifman, K. (2004). The importance of being flexible: The ability to enhance and suppress emotional expression predicts long-term adjustment. Psychological Science, 157, 482–487. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00705.x
  • Brans, K., Koval, P., Verduyn, P., Lim, Y. L., & Kuppens, P. (2013). The regulation of negative and positive affect in daily life. Emotion, 13, 926–939. doi:10.1037/a0032400
  • Buss, K. A., & Goldsmith, H. H. (1998). Fear and anger regulation in infancy: Effects on the temporal dynamics of affective expression. Child Development, 69, 359–374. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06195.x
  • Butler, E. A. (2011). Temporal interpersonal emotion systems: The “TIES” that form relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 367–393. doi:10.1177/1088868311411164
  • Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., Erickson, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2003). The social consequences of expressive suppression. Emotion, 3, 48–67. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.3.1.48
  • Butler, E. A., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2006). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, emotion, and emotion regulation during social interaction. Psychophysiology, 43, 612–622. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00467.x
  • Cole, P. M., Marin, S. E., & Dennis, T. A. (2004). Emotion regulation as a scientific construct: Methodological challenges and directions for child development research. Child Development, 75, 317–333. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00673.x
  • Dan-Glauser, E. S., & Gross, J. J. (2011). The temporal dynamics of two response-focused forms of emotion regulation: Experiential, expressive, and autonomic consequences. Psychophysiology, 48, 1309–1322. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01191.x
  • Davidson, R. J. (1998). Affective style and affective disorders: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 307–320. doi:10.1080/026999398379628
  • Ebner-Priemer, U. W., Kuo, J., Kleindienst, N., Welch, S. S., Reisch, T., Reinhard, I., & Bohus, M. (2007). State affective instability in borderline personality disorder assessed by ambulatory monitoring. Psychological Medicine, 37, 961–970. doi:10.1017/S0033291706009706
  • Egloff, B., Schmukle, S. C., Burns, L. R., & Schwerdtfeger, A. (2006). Spontaneous emotion regulation during evaluated speaking tasks: Associations with negative affect, anxiety expression, memory, and physiological responding. Emotion, 6, 356–366. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.356
  • Ehring, T., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Schnülle, J., Fischer, S., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation and vulnerability to depression: Spontaneous versus instructed use of emotion suppression and reappraisal. Emotion, 10, 563–572. doi:10.1037/a0019010
  • Erk, S., Mikschel, A., Stier, S., Ciaramidaro, A., Gapp, V., Weber, B., & Walter, H. (2010). Acute and sustained effects of cognitive emotion regulation in major depression. Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 15726–15734. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1856-10.2010
  • Farmer, A. S., & Kashdan, T. (2014). Affective and self-esteem instability in the daily lives of people with generalized social anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 187–201. doi:10.1177/2167702613495200
  • Frijda, N. H. (2007). The laws of emotion. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Goldin, P. R., McRae, K., Ramel, W., & Gross, J. J. (2008). The neural bases of emotion regulation: Reappraisal and suppression of negative emotion. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 577–586. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.031
  • Gottman, J. M., & Levenson, R.W. (1985). A valid procedure for obtaining self-report of affect in marital interaction. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 151–160. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.53.2.151
  • Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271–299. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
  • Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281–291.
  • Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348–362. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
  • Gross, J. J., & Munoz, R. F. (1995). Emotion regulation and mental health. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 2, 151–164. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1995.tb00036.x
  • Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3–24). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Gruber, J., Kogan, A., Quoidbach, J., & Mauss, I. B. (2013). Happiness is best kept stable: Positive emotion variability is associated with poorer psychological health. Emotion, 13, 1–6. doi:10.1037/a0030262
  • Hamaker, E. L. (2012). Why researchers should think “within-person”: A paradigmatic rationale. In M. R. Mehl & T. S. Conner (Eds.), Handbook of research methods for studying daily life (pp. 43–61). New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Hoeksma, J. B., Oosterlaan, J., & Schipper, E. M. (2004). Emotion regulation and the dynamics of feelings: A conceptual and methodological framework. Child Development, 75, 354–360. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00677.x
  • Höhn, P., Menne-Lothmann, C., Peeters, F., Nicolson, N. A., Jacobs, N., Derom, C., … Wichers, M. (2013). Moment-to-moment transfer of positive emotions in daily life predicts future course of depression in both general population and patient samples. PLoS ONE, 8, e75655. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075655
  • Hollenstein, T., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., & Potworowski, G. (2013). A model of socioemotional flexibility at three time scales. Emotion Review, 5, 397–405. doi:10.1177/1754073913484181
  • Hollenstein, T., & Lougheed, J. P. (2013). Beyond storm and stress: Typicality, transactions, timing, and temperament to account for adolescent change. American Psychologist, 68, 444–454. doi:10.1037/a0033586
  • Houben, M., Van Den Noortgate, W., & Kuppens, P. (2014). The relation between patterns of emotional change and psychological well-being: A meta-analysis. Manuscript submitted for publication.
  • Kashdan, T. B., & Rottenberg, J. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 865–878. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.001
  • Koole, S. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Cognition & Emotion, 23, 4–41. doi:10.1080/02699930802619031
  • Koval, P., Kuppens, P., Allen, N. B., & Sheeber, L. B. (2012). Getting stuck in depression: The roles of rumination and emotional inertia. Cognition & Emotion, 26, 1412–1427. doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.667392
  • Koval, P., Pe, M. L., Meers, K., & Kuppens, P. (2013). Affect dynamics in relation to depressive symptoms: Variable, unstable or inert?Emotion, 13, 1132–1141. doi:10.1037/a0033579
  • Kuppens, P., Allen, N. B., & Sheeber, L. (2010). Emotional inertia and psychological maladjustment. Psychological Science, 21, 984–991. doi:10.1177/0956797610372634
  • Kuppens, P., Oravecz, Z., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2010). Feelings change: Accounting for individual differences in the temporal dynamics of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 1042–1060. doi:10.1037/a0020962
  • Kuppens, P., Sheeber, L. B., Yap, M. B., Whittle, S., Simmons, J. G., & Allen, N. B. (2012). Emotional inertia prospectively predicts the onset of depressive disorder in adolescence. Emotion, 12, 283–289. doi:10.1037/a0025046
  • Lanteigne, D., Glozman, J., & Hollenstein, T. (2010). Self-conscious affect coding manual. Unpublished Coding Manual.
  • Lougheed, J. P., & Hollenstein, T. (2012). A limited repertoire of emotion regulation strategies is associated with internalizing problems in adolescence. Social Development, 21, 704–721. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2012.00663.x
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 400–424. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x
  • Rhode, P., Lewinsohn, P. M., Klein, D. N., Seeley, J. R., & Gau, J. M. (2013). Key characteristics of major depressive disorder in childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, and adulthood. Clinical Psychological Science, 1, 41–53. doi:10.1177/2167702612457599
  • Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (2000). Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one's cool. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 410–424. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.3.410
  • Ruef, A. M., & Levenson, R. W. (2007). Continuous measurement of emotion. In J. A. Coan & J. J. B. Allen (Eds.), The handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment (pp. 286–297). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Salters-Pednault, K., Steenkamp, M., & Litz, B. T. (2010). Suppression. In A. M. Kring & D. M. Sloan (Eds.), Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment (pp. 137–156). New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Schmeichel, B. J., Volokhov, R. N., & Demaree, H. A. (2008). Working memory capacity and the self-regulation of emotional expression and experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1526–1540. doi:10.1037/a0013345
  • Snijders, T. A. B., & Bosker, R. J. (2012). Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
  • Suls, J., & Martin, R. (2005). The daily life of the garden-variety neurotic: Reactivity, stressor exposure, mood spillover, and maladaptive coping. Journal of Personality, 73, 1485–1510. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00356.x
  • Suls, J., Green, P., & Hillis, S. (1998). Emotional reactivity to everyday problems, affective inertia, and neuroticism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 127–136. doi:10.1177/0146167298242002
  • Thompson, R. A. (1990). Emotion and self-regulation. In R. A. Thompson (Ed.), Socioemotional development. Nebraska symposium on motivation (Vol. 36, pp. 367–467). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Thompson, R. J., Mata, J., Jaeggi, S., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012). The everyday emotional experiences of individuals with major depressive disorder: Examining emotional instability, inertia, and reactivity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 819–829. doi:10.1037/a0027978
  • Totterdell, P., & Holman, D. (2003). Emotion regulation in customer service roles: Testing a model of emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8, 55–73. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.8.1.55
  • Trull, T. J., & Ebner-Priemer, U. (2013). Ambulatory assessment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 151–176. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185510
  • van de Leemput, I. A., Wichers, M., Cramer, A. O., Borsboom, D., Tuerlinckx, F., Kuppens, P., … & Scheffer, M. (2014). Critical slowing down as early warning for the onset and termination of depression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 87–92. doi:10.1073/pnas.1312114110
  • Verduyn, P., Delvaux, E., Van Coillie, H., Tuerlinckx, F., & Van Mechelen, I. (2009). Predicting the duration of emotional experience: Two experience sampling studies. Emotion, 9, 83–91. doi:10.1037/a0014610
  • Verduyn, P., Van Mechelen, I., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2011). The relation between event processing and the duration of emotional experience. Emotion, 11, 20–28. doi:10.1037/a0021239
  • Walter, H., von Kalckreuth, A., Schardt, D., Stephan, A., Goschke, T., & Erk, S. (2009). The temporal dynamics of voluntary emotion regulation. PLoS one, 4, e6726. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006726
  • Webb, T. L., Miles, E., & Sheeran, P. (2012). Dealing with feeling: A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 775–808. doi:10.1037/a0027600
  • Wichers, M. (2014). The dynamic nature of depression: A new micro-level perspective of mental disorder that meets current challenges. Psychological medicine, 44, 1349–1360. doi:10.1017/S0033291713001979
  • Zelazo, P. D., & Cunningham, W. A. (2007). Executive function: Mechanisms underlying emotion regulation. In J. J. Gross (Ed.) Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 542–559). New York, NY: Guilford.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.