REFERENCES
- Anderson, C. A., Benjamin, A. J., & Bartholow, B. D. (1998). Does the gun pull the trigger? Automatic priming effects of weapon pictures and weapon names. Psychological Science, 9, 308–314. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00061
- Baumann, J., & DeSteno, D. (2010). Emotion guided threat detection: Expecting guns where there are none. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 595–610. doi:10.1037/a0020665
- Berkowitz, L., & LePage, A. (1967). Weapons as aggression-eliciting stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 202–207. doi:10.1037/h0025008
- Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., & Vlahov, D. (2006). Psychological resilience after disaster: New York City in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attack. Psychological Science, 17, 181–186. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01682.x
- Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., White, J., Groom, C., & De Bono, J. (1999). Attentional bias for emotional faces in generalized anxiety disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 267–278. doi:10.1348/014466599162845
- Butler, A. S., Panzer, A. M., & Goldfrank, L. R. (Eds.). (2003). Preparing for the psychological consequences of terrorism: A public health strategy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
- Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C. M., & Wittenbrink, B. (2002). The police officer’s dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1314–1329. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1314
- Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C. M., & Wittenbrink, B. (2007). The influence of stereotypes on decisions to shoot. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 1102–1117. doi:10.1002/ejsp.450
- Fischhoff, B., Gonzalez, R. M., Lerner, J. S., & Small, D. A. (2005). Evolving judgments of terror risks: Foresight, hindsight, and emotion. Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied, 11(2), 124–139. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.11.2.124
- Freedy, J. R., Saladin, M. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., & Saunders, B. E. (1994). Understanding acute psychological distress following natural disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 257–273. doi:10.1002/jts.2490070207
- Gigerenzer, G. (2004). Dread risk, September 11, and fatal traffic accidents. Psychological Science, 15, 286–287. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00668.x
- Goodwin, R., Willson, M., & Stanley, G. (2005). Terror threat perception and its consequences in contemporary Britain. British Journal of Psychology, 96, 389–406. doi:10.1348/000712605X62786
- Grillon, C. (2002). Startle reactivity and anxiety disorders: Aversive conditioning, context, and neurobiology. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 958–975. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01665-7
- Johnson, E. J., & Tversky, A. (1983). Affect, generalization, and the perception of risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 20–31. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.1.20
- Keltner, D., & Lerner, J. S. (2010). Emotion. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 1, 5th ed., pp. 317–352). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
- Kleider, H. M., & Parrott, D. J. (2009). Aggressive shooting behavior: How working memory and threat influence shoot decisions. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 494–497.
- Kleider, H. M., Parrott, D. J., & King, T. Z. (2010). Shooting behaviour: How working memory and negative emotionality influence police officer shoot decisions. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24, 707–717. doi:10.1002/acp.1580
- Kroenke, K., Strine, T. W., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Berry, J. T., & Mokdad, A. H. (2008). The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 114, 163–173. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.026
- Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2008). International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual ( Technical Report No. A-8). Gainesville, FL: University of Florida.
- Lange, K., Williams, L. M., Young, A. W., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S. C. R., … Phillips, M. L. (2003). Task instructions modulate neural responses to fearful facial expressions. Biological Psychiatry, 53, 226–232. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01455-5
- Lerner, J. S., Gonzalez, R. M., Small, D. A., & Fischhoff, B. (2003). Effects of fear and anger on perceived risks of terrorism: A national field experiment. Psychological Science, 14(2), 144–150. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.4.6.551
- Lichtenstein, S., Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., Layman, M., & Combs, B. (1979). Judged frequency of lethal events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4, 551–578.
- Loewenstein, G., & Lerner, J. S. (2003). The role of affect in decision making. In R. Davidson, K. Scherer, & H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 619–642). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Ma, D. S., Correll, J., Wittenbrink, B., Bar-Anan, Y., Sriram, N., & Nosek, B. A. (2013). When fatigue turns deadly: The association between fatigue and racial bias in the decision to shoot. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35, 515–524. doi:10.1080/01973533.2013.840630
- Macmillan, N. A., & Creelman, C. D. (1991). Detection theory: A user’s guide. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Maguen, S., Papa, A., & Litz, B. T. (2008). Coping with the threat of terrorism: A review. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 21(1), 15–35. doi:10.1080/10615800701652777
- Robinson, O. J., Charney, D. R., Overstreet, C., Vytal, K., & Grillon, C. (2012). The adaptive threat bias in anxiety: Amygdala-dorsomedial prefrontal cortex coupling and aversive amplification. NeuroImage, 60, 523–529. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.096
- Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., & Lichtenstein, S. (1980). Facts and fears: Understanding perceived risk. In R. C. Schwing & W. A. Albers (Eds.), Societal Risk Assessment (Vol. 24, pp. 181–216). New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media.
- Smelser, N. J., & Mitchell, F. (Eds.). (2002). Terrorism: Perspectives from the behavioral and social sciences. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
- Su, J. C., Tran, A. G. T. T., Wirtz, J. G., Langteau, R. A., & Rothman, A. J. (2009). Driving under the influence (of stress): Evidence of a regional increase in impaired driving and traffic fatalities after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Psychological Science, 20(1), 59–65. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02257.x
- Wickens, T. D. (2002). Elementary signal detection theory. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.