Alternatives to the fixed-set model: A review of appraisal models of emotion

References

• Armstrong, S. L., Gleitman, L. R., & Gleitman, H. (1983). What some concepts might not be. Cognition, 13(3), 263–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold, M. B. (1960). Emotion and personality. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, L. F. (2006a). Solving the emotion paradox: Categorization and the experience of emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(1), 20–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, L. F. (2006b). Are emotions natural kinds? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(1), 28–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, L. F. (2009). Variety is the spice of life: A psychological construction approach to understanding variability in emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 23(7), 1284–1306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branscombe, N. R., & Miron, A. M. (2004). Interpreting the ingroup's negative actions toward another group: Emotional reactions to appraised harm. In L. Z. Tiedens & C. W. Leach (Eds.), The social life of emotions (pp. 314–335). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ellsworth, P. C., & Scherer, K. R. (2003). Appraisal processes in emotion. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 572–595). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ellsworth, P. C., & Smith, C. A. (1988a). Shades of joy: Patterns of appraisal differentiating pleasant emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 2, 301–331.
   Google Scholar
• Ellsworth, P. C., & Smith, C. A. (1988b). From appraisal to emotion: Differences among unpleasant feelings. Motivation and Emotion, 12, 271–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehr, B., & Sprecher, S. (2009). Prototype analysis of the concept of compassionate love. Personal Relationships, 16(3), 343–364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernando, J. W., Kashima, Y., & Laham, S. M. (2014). Multiple emotions: A person-centered approach to the relationship between intergroup emotion and action orientation. Emotion, 14, 722–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, A. H. (1999). The role of honour-related vs. individualistic values in conceptualising pride, shame, and anger: Spanish and Dutch cultural prototypes. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 149–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitness, J., & Fletcher, G. J. O. (1993). Love, hate, anger, and jealousy in close relationships: A prototype and cognitive appraisal analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(5), 942–958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press ; Paris, France: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme.
   Google Scholar
• Frijda, N. H. (2013). Comment: The why, when, and how of appraisal. Emotion Review, 5(2), 169–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., & ter Schure, E. (1989). Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(2), 212–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gehm, T. L., & Scherer, K. R. (1988). Relating situation evaluation to emotion differentiation: Nonmetric analysis of cross-cultural questionnaire data. In K. R. Scherer (Ed.), Facets of emotion: Recent research (pp. 1961–1977). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Goetz, T., Frenzel, A. C., Stoeger, H., & Hall, N. C. (2010). Antecendents of everyday positive emotions: An experience sampling analysis. Motivation and Emotion, 34, 49–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyer, A., Leach, C. W., & Crosby, F. J. (2003). White guilt and racial compensation: The benefits and limits of self-focus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(1), 117–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyer, A., Schmader, T., & Lickel, B. (2007). Why individuals protest the perceived transgressions of their country: The role of anger, shame, and guilt. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(4), 572–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamp, H., & Partee, B. (1995). Prototype theory and compositionality. Cognition, 57, 129–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappas, A. (2001). A metaphor is a metaphor is a metaphor: Exorcising the homunculus from appraisal theory. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 157–172). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kuppens, P., Van Mechelen, I., & Rijmen, F. (2008). Toward disentangling sources of individual differences in appraisal and anger. Journal of Personality, 76, 969–1000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuppens, P., Van Mechelen, I., Smits, D. J. M., & De Boeck, P. (2003). The appraisal basis of anger: Specificity, necessity and sufficiency of components. Emotion, 3(3), 254–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakoff, G. (1973). Hedges: A study in meaning criteria and the logic of fuzzy concepts. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 2, 458–508.
   Google Scholar
• Larsen, J. T., McGraw, A. P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2001). Can people feel happy and sad at the same time? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 684–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, J. T., McGraw, A. P., Mellers, B. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). The agony of victory and thrill of defeat. Mixed emotional reactions to disappointing wins and relieving losses. Psychological Science, 15, 325–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leach, C. W., Snider, N., & Iyer, A. (2002). ““Poisoning the consciences of the fortunate”: The experience of relative advantage and support for social equality.” In I. Walker & H. J. Smith (Eds.), Relative deprivation: Specification, development, and integration (pp. 2136–2163). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Medin, D. L., & Smith, E. E. (1984). Concepts and concept formation. Annual Review of Psychology, 35, 113–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moors, A. (2009). Theories of emotion causation: A review. Cognition & Emotion, 23(4), 625–662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moors, A., Ellsworth, P. C., Scherer, K. R., & Frijda, N. H. (2013). Appraisal theories of emotion: State of the art and future development. Emotion Review, 5(2), 119–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moors, A. M. (2013). On the causal role of appraisal in emotion. Emotion Review, 5, 132–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann, R. (2000). The causal influences of attributions on emotions: A procedural priming approach. Psychological Science, 11, 179–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nezlek, J. B., Vansteelandt, K., Van Mechelen, I., & Kuppens, P. (2008). Appraisal–emotion relationships in daily life. Emotion, 8, 145–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortony, A., Clore, G., & Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Parkinson, B. (1999). Relations and dissociations between appraisal and emotion ratings of reasonable and unreasonable anger and guilt. Cognition & Emotion, 13(4), 347–385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parrott, W. G., & Smith, S. F. (1991). Embarrassment: Actual vs. typical cases, classical vs. prototypical representations. Cognition and Emotion. Special Issue: Emotion in Social Life, 5(5/6), 467–488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosch, E. (1975). Cognitive representations of semantic categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104(3), 192–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosch, E., & Mervis, C. B. (1975). Family resemblances: Studies in the internal structure of categories. Cognitive Psychology, 7(4), 573–605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roseman, I. J. (1984). Cognitive determinants of emotion: A structural theory. In P. Shaver (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology: Vol. 5, emotion, relationships, and health (pp. 11–36). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Roseman, I. J. (1991). Appraisal determinants of discrete emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 5(3), 161–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roseman, I. J. (2013a). Appraisal in the emotion system: Coherence in strategies for coping. Emotion Review, 5(2), 141–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roseman, I. J. (2013b). Author reply: On the frontiers of appraisal theory. Emotion Review, 5, 187–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roseman, I. J., Antoniou, A. A., & Jose, P. E. (1996). Appraisal determinants of emotions: Constructing a more accurate and comprehensive theory. Cognition and Emotion, 10(3), 241–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roseman, I. J., & Evdokas, A. (2004). Appraisals cause experienced emotions: Experimental evidence. Cognition and Emotion, 18(1), 1–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roseman, I. J., & Smith, C. A. (2001). Appraisal theory: Overview, assumptions, varieties, controversies. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 3–19). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Roseman, I. J., Spindel, M. S., & Jose, P. E. (1990). Appraisals of emotion-eliciting events: Testing a theory of discrete emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 899–915.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, J. A. (1991). In defense of a prototype approach to emotion concepts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(1), 37–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, J. A., & Fehr, B. (1994). Fuzzy concepts in a fuzzy hierarchy: Varieties of anger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 186–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer, K. R. (1984). On the nature and function of emotion: A component process approach. In K. R. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 293–317). Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Scherer, K. R. (2001). Appraisal considered as a process of multi-level sequential checking. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 92–120). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Siemer, M., Mauss, I., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Same situation--Different emotions: How appraisals shape our emotions. Emotion, 7(3), 592–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siemer, M., & Reisenzein, R. (2007). The process of emotion inference. Emotion, 7(1), 1–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvia, P. J. (2008). Appraisal components and emotion traits: Examining the appraisal basis of trait curiosity. Cognition and Emotion, 22, 94–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvia, P. J., Henson, R. A., & Templin, J. L. (2009). Are the sources of interest the same for everyone? Using multilevel mixture models to explore individual differnces in appraisal structures. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 1389–1406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(4), 813–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1987). Patterns of appraisal and emotion related to taking an exam. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 475–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, C. A., Haynes, K. N., Lazarus, R. S., & Pope, L. K. (1993). In search of the “hot” cognitions; Attributions, appraisals, and their relation to emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 916–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1993). Appraisal components, core relational themes, and the emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 233–269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, R. C. (1976). The passions. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday.
   Google Scholar
• Tesser, A. (1990). Smith and Ellsworth's appraisal model of emotion: A replication, extension, and test. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16(2), 210–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, E. M. W. (2010). The sufficiency and necessity of appraisals for negative emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 24(4), 692–701.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, E. M. W., Bishop, G. D., Enkelmann, H. C., Why, Y. P., Diong, S. M., Khader, M., & Ang, J. (2007). Emotion and appraisal: A study using ecological momentary assessment. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 1361–1381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2004). Putting the self into self-conscious emotions: A theoretical model. Psychological Inquiry, 15(2), 103–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2006). Appraisal antecedents of shame and guilt: Support for a theoretical model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(10), 1339–1351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2007). The psychological structure of pride: A tale of two facets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(3), 506–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner Jr., S. A., & Silvia, P. J. (2006). Must interesting things be pleasant? A test of competing appraisal structures. Emotion, 6, 670–674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Mechelen, I., & Hennes, K. (2009). The appraisal basis of anger occurrence and intensity revisited. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 1373–1388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92(4), 548–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner, B. (1986). An attributional theory of motivation and emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Weiner, B., Graham, S., & Chandler, C. (1982). Pity, anger, and guilt: An attributional analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8(2), 226–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, P., & Aaker, J. L. (2002). Can mixed emotions peacefully coexist? Journal of Consumer Research, 28, 636–649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittgenstein, L. (1958). Philosophical Investigations (G. E. M. Anscombe, Trans.). Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar