1,277
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The effects of face attractiveness on face memory depend on both age of perceiver and age of face

, , &
Pages 875-889 | Received 31 Jan 2019, Accepted 11 Nov 2019, Published online: 20 Nov 2019

References

  • Adelman, J. S., & Estes, Z. (2013). Emotion and memory: A recognition advantage for positive and negative words independent of arousal. Cognition, 129, 530–535.
  • Aharon, I., Etcoff, N., Ariely, D., Chabris, C. F., O’Connor, E., & Breiter, H. C. (2001). Beautiful faces have variable reward value: fMRI and behavioral evidence. Neuron, 32, 537–551.
  • Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Arditi, A. (2005). Improving the design of the letter contrast sensitivity test. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 46, 2225–2229.
  • Benson, P. L., Karabenick, S. A., & Lerner, R. M. (1976). Pretty pleases: The effects of physical attractiveness, race, and sex on receiving help. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 409–415.
  • Brink, T. L., Yesavage, J. A., Lum, O., Heersema, P. H., Adey, M., & Rose, T. L. (1982). Screening tests for geriatric depression. Clinical Gerontologist, 1, 37–43.
  • Brown, R., & Kulik, J. (1977). Flashbulb memories. Cognition, 5, 73–99.
  • Budson, A. E., Todman, R. W., Chong, H., Adams, E. H., Kensinger, E. A., Krangel, T. S., & Wright, C. I. (2006). False recognition of emotional word lists in aging and Alzheimer disease. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 19, 71–78.
  • Buss, D. M., & Barnes, M. (1986). Preferences in human mate selection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 559–570.
  • Chatterjee, A., Thomas, A., Smith, S. E., & Aguirre, G. K. (2009). The neural response to facial attractiveness. Neuropsychology, 23, 135–143.
  • Cloutier, J., Heatherton, T. F., Whalen, P. J., & Kelley, W. M. (2008). Are attractive people rewarding? Sex differences in the neural substrates of facial attractiveness. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 941–951.
  • Commisso, M., & Finkelstein, L. (2012). Physical attractiveness bias in employee termination. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42, 2968–2987.
  • Cortes, D. S., Laukka, P., Ebner, N. C., & Fischer, H. (2019). Age-related differences in evaluation of social attributes from computer-generated faces of varying intensity. Psychology and Aging, 34, 686–697.
  • Cross, J. F., Cross, J., & Daly, J. (1971). Sex, race, age, and beauty as factors in recognition of faces. Perception & Psychophysics, 10, 393–396.
  • Desrumaux, P., De Bosscher, S., & Léoni, V. (2009). Effects of facial attractiveness, gender, and competence of applicants on job recruitment. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 68, 33–42.
  • Dion, K., Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 285–290.
  • Dipboye, R. L., Fromkin, H. L., & Wiback, K. (1975). Relative importance of applicant sex, attractiveness, and scholastic standing in evaluation of job applicant resumes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 39–43.
  • Dureman, I. (1960). SRB: 1. Stockholm: Psykologiförlaget.
  • Eagly, A. H., Ashmore, R. D., Makhijani, M. G., & Longo, L. C. (1991). What is beautiful is good, but … : A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 109–128.
  • Ebner, N. C. (2008). Age of face matters: Age-group differences in ratings of young and old faces. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 130–136.
  • Ebner, N. C., Johnson, M. K., & Fischer, H. (2012). Neural mechanisms of reading facial emotions in young and older adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 223.
  • Ebner, N., Luedicke, J., Voelkle, M. C., Riediger, M., Lin, T., & Lindenberger, U. (2018). An adult developmental approach to perceived facial attractiveness and distinctiveness. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 561.
  • Ebner, N. C., Riediger, M., & Lindenberger, U. (2010). FACES—a database of facial expressions in young, middle-aged, and older women and men: Development and validation. Behavior Research Methods, 42, 351–362.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1966). Eight ages of man. International Journal of Psychiatry, 2, 281–300.
  • Fleishman, J. J., Buckley, M. L., Klosinsky, M. J., Smith, N., & Tuck, B. (1976). Judged attractiveness in recognition memory of women’s faces. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 43, 709–710.
  • Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198.
  • Foo, Y. Z., Simmons, L. W., & Rhodes, G. (2017). Predictors of facial attractiveness and health in humans. Scientific Reports, 7, 39731.
  • Foos, P. W., & Clark, M. C. (2011). Adult age and gender differences in perceptions of facial attractiveness: Beauty is in the eye of the older beholder. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 172, 162–175.
  • Fredrickson, B. L., & Carstensen, L. L. (1990). Choosing social partners: How old age and anticipated endings make people more selective. Psychology and Aging, 5, 335–347.
  • Frieze, I. H., Olson, J. E., & Russell, J. (1991). Attractiveness and income for men and women in management. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 1039–1057.
  • Fruhen, L. S., Watkins, C. D., & Jones, B. C. (2015). Perceptions of facial dominance, trustworthiness and attractiveness predict managerial pay awards in experimental tasks. The Leadership Quarterly, 26, 1005–1016.
  • Fung, H. H., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003). Sending memorable messages to the old: Age differences in preferences and memory for advertisements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 163–178.
  • Gallo, D. A., Cotel, S. C., Moore, C. D., & Schacter, D. L. (2007). Aging can spare recollection-based retrieval monitoring: The importance of event distinctiveness. Psychology and Aging, 22, 209–213.
  • Gillespie, B. J., Lever, J., Frederick, D., & Royce, T. (2015). Close adult friendships, gender, and the life cycle. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 32, 709–736.
  • Gilmore, D. C., Beehr, T. A., & Love, K. G. (1986). Effects of applicant sex, applicant physical attractiveness, type of rater and type of job on interview decisions. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 59, 103–109.
  • Gottfries, C. G., Noltorp, S., & Nørgaard, N. (1997). Recognition and management of depression in the elderly. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 12, S31–S36.
  • Grider, R. C., & Malmberg, K. J. (2008). Discriminating between changes in bias and changes in accuracy for recognition memory of emotional stimuli. Memory & Cognition, 36, 933–946.
  • He, Y., Ebner, N. C., & Johnson, M. K. (2011). What predicts the own-age bias in face recognition memory? Social Cognition, 29, 97–109.
  • Hox, J. J. (2010). Multilevel analysis. Techniques and applications (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Hugenberg, K., & Wilson, J. P. (2013). Faces are central to social cognition. In D. E. Carlston (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of social cognition (pp. 167–193). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Johnson, M. K. (1992). MEM: Mechanisms of recollection. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 268–280.
  • Johnson, M. K., Raye, C. L., Mitchell, K. J., Greene, E. J., Cunningham, W. A., & Sanislow, C. A. (2005). Using fMRI to investigate a component process of reflection: Prefrontal correlates of refreshing a just-activated representation. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 5, 339–361.
  • Kensinger, E. A., Allard, E. R., & Krendl, A. C. (2014). The effects of age on memory for socio-emotional material: An affective neuroscience perspective. In P. Verhaeghen & C. Hertzog (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of emotion, social cognition, and problem-solving in adulthood (pp. 26–46). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kensinger, E. A., & Corkin, S. (2003). Memory enhancement for emotional words: Are emotional words more vividly remembered than neutral words? Memory & Cognition, 31, 1169–1180.
  • Kirchner, W. K. (1958). Age differences in short-term retention of rapidly changing information. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55, 352–358.
  • Kurzban, R., & Weeden, J. (2005). Hurrydate: Mate preferences in action. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 227–244.
  • Langlois, J. H., Roggman, L. A., & Musselman, L. (1994). What is average and what is not average about attractive faces? Psychological Science, 5, 214–220.
  • Lezak, M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Li, N. P., Yong, J. C., Tov, W., Sng, O., Fletcher, G. J., Valentine, K. A., … Balliet, D. (2013). Mate preferences do predict attraction and choices in the early stages of mate selection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105, 757–776.
  • Liang, X., Zebrowitz, L. A., & Zhang, Y. (2010). Neural activation in the “reward circuit” shows a nonlinear response to facial attractiveness. Social Neuroscience, 5, 320–334.
  • Light, L. L., Hollander, S., & Kayra-Stuart, F. (1981). Why attractive people are harder to remember. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 269–276.
  • Lin, T., Lendry, R., & Ebner, N. C. (2016). Face likeability mediates the memory-enhancing effect of face attractiveness in young but not older adults. Memory (Hove, England), 24, 1396–1406.
  • Lindau, S. T., Schumm, L. P., Laumann, E. O., Levinson, W., O’Muircheartaigh, C. A., & Waite, L. J. (2007). A study of sexuality and health among older adults in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine, 357, 762–774.
  • Luxen, M. F., & Van De Vijver, F. J. (2006). Facial attractiveness, sexual selection, and personnel selection: When evolved preferences matter. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 241–255.
  • Murphy, N. A., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2008). Preferences for emotional information in older and younger adults: A meta-analysis of memory and attention tasks. Psychology and Aging, 23, 263–286.
  • O’Doherty, J., Winston, J., Critchley, H., Perrett, D., Burt, D. M., & Dolan, R. J. (2003). Beauty in a smile: The role of medial orbitofrontal cortex in facial attractiveness. Neuropsychologia, 41, 147–155.
  • Oosterhof, N. N., & Todorov, A. (2008). The functional basis of face evaluation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 11087–11092.
  • Perrett, D. I., Lee, K. J., Penton-Voak, I., Rowland, D., Yoshikawa, S., Burt, D. M., … Akamatsu, S. (1998). Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness. Nature, 394, 884–887.
  • Phaf, R. H., & Rotteveel, M. (2005). Affective modulation of recognition bias. Emotion, 5, 309–318.
  • Ramanathan, N., Chellappa, R., & Biswas, S. (2009). Computational methods for modeling facial aging: A survey. Journal of Visual Languages & Computing, 20, 131–144.
  • Rhodes, M. G., & Anastasi, J. S. (2012). The own-age bias in face recognition: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 146–174.
  • Rhodes, G., & Tremewan, T. (1996). Averageness, exaggeration, and facial attractiveness. Psychological Science, 7, 105–110.
  • Said, C. P., & Todorov, A. (2011). A statistical model of facial attractiveness. Psychological Science, 22, 1183–1190.
  • Salthouse, T. A., & Babcock, R. L. (1991). Decomposing adult age differences in working memory. Developmental Psychology, 27, 763–776.
  • Sarno, J. A., & Alley, T. R. (1997). Attractiveness and the memorability of faces: Only a matter of distinctiveness? The American Journal of Psychology, 110, 81–92.
  • Schacter, D. L., Israel, L., & Racine, C. (1999). Suppressing false recognition in younger and older adults: The distinctiveness heuristic. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 1–24.
  • Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime reference guide. Pittsburgh, PA: Psychology Software Tools, Incorporated.
  • Shahani-Denning, C. (2003). Physical attractiveness bias in hiring: What is beautiful is good. Hofstra Horizon, 14–17.
  • Shepherd, J. W., & Ellis, H. D. (1973). The effect of attractiveness on recognition memory for faces. The American Journal of Psychology, 86, 627–633.
  • Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 420–428.
  • Sommer, T., Gläscher, J., Moritz, S., & Büchel, C. (2008). Emotional enhancement effect of memory: Removing the influence of cognitive factors. Learning & Memory, 15, 569–573.
  • Sommer, W., Hildebrandt, A., & Schacht, A. (2014). Face perception. In A. C. Michalos (Ed.), Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research (pp. 2109–2112). Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
  • Tsukiura, T., & Cabeza, R. (2011). Remembering beauty: Roles of orbitofrontal and hippocampal regions in successful memory encoding of attractive faces. Neuroimage, 54, 653–660.
  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070.
  • Wechsler, D. (1981). Manual for the Wechsler adult intelligence scale—revised. New York, NY: Psychological Corporation.
  • Wiese, H., Altmann, C. S., & Schweinberger, S. R. (2014). Effects of attractiveness on face memory separated from distinctiveness: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Neuropsychologia, 56, 26–36.
  • Winston, J. S., O’Doherty, J., Kilner, J. M., Perrett, D. I., & Dolan, R. J. (2007). Brain systems for assessing facial attractiveness. Neuropsychologia, 45, 195–206.
  • Zebrowitz, L. A., Fellous, J. M., Mignault, A., & Andreoletti, C. (2003). Trait impressions as overgeneralized responses to adaptively significant facial qualities: Evidence from connectionist modeling. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7, 194–215.
  • Zebrowitz, L. A., & Franklin, R. G., Jr. (2014). The attractiveness halo effect and the Babyface Stereotype in older and younger adults: Similarities, Own-Age Accentuation, and older adult Positivity effects. Journal of Experimental Aging Research, 40, 375–393.
  • Zebrowitz, L. A., Kikuchi, M., & Fellous, J. M. (2007). Are effects of emotion expression on trait impressions mediated by babyfaceness? Evidence from connectionist modeling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 648–662.
  • Zebrowitz, L. A., & Rhodes, G. (2004). Sensitivity to “bad genes” and the anomalous face overgeneralization effect: Cue validity, cue utilization, and accuracy in judging intelligence and health. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 28, 167–185.
  • Zhang, Y., Kong, F., Chen, H., Jackson, T., Han, L., Meng, J., … Najam ul Hasan, A. (2011). Identifying cognitive preferences for attractive female faces: An event-related potential experiment using a study-test paradigm. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 89, 1887–1893.
  • Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2002). The development of romantic relationships and adaptations in the system of peer relationships. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31, 216–225.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.