Two facets of affective empathy: concern and distress have opposite relationships to emotion recognition

References

• Allen-Walker, L., & Beaton, A. A. (2014). Empathy and perception of emotion in eyes from the FEEST/Ekman and Friesen faces. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 150–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen, S. (2005). Autism – “autos”: Literally, a total focus on the self? In T. E. Feinberg & J. P. Keenan (Eds.), The lost self: Pathologies of the brain and identity (pp. 166–180). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The “reading the mind in the eyes” test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(2), 241–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D. (2011). Altruism in humans. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D. (2019). A scientific search for Altruism. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D., & Oleson, K. C. (1991). Current status of the empathy-altruism hypothesis. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Prosocial behavior: Review of personality and social psychology (pp. 62–85). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Brosnan, M., Hollinworth, M., Antoniadou, K., & Lewton, M. (2014). Is empathizing intuitive and systematizing deliberative? Personality and Individual Differences, 66, 39–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buffone, A. E., Poulin, M., DeLury, S., Ministero, L., Morrisson, C., & Scalco, M. (2017). Don’t walk in her shoes! Different forms of perspective taking affect stress physiology. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 72, 161–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chikovani, G., Babuadze, L., Iashvili, N., Gvalia, T., & Surguladze, S. (2015). Empathy costs: Negative emotional bias in high empathisers. Psychiatry Research, 229(1–2), 340–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colman, D. E., Letzring, T. D., & Biesanz, J. C. (2017). Seeing and feeling your way to accurate personality judgments: Themoderating role of perceiver empathic tendencies. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(7), 806–815.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan, D. G., Vanman, E. J., & Nielsen, M. (2014). Motivated empathy: The mechanics of the empathic gaze. Cognition and Emotion, 28(8), 1522–1530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuff, B. M., Brown, S. J., Taylor, L., & Howat, D. J. (2016). Empathy: A review of the concept. Emotion Review, 8(2), 144–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, M. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, M. (1994). Empathy: A social psychological approach. New York, NY: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, M. H., Mitchell, K. V., Hall, J. A., Lothert, J., Snapp, T., & Meyer, M. (1999). Empathy, expectations, and situational preferences: Personality influences on the decision to participate in volunteer helping behaviors. Journal of Personality, 67(3), 469–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Girolamo, M., Giromini, L., Winters, C. L., Serie, C. M., & de Ruiter, C. (2019). The Questionnaire of cognitive and affective empathy: A comparison between paper-and-pencil versus online formats in Italian samples. Journal of Personality Assessment, 101, 159–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drimalla, H., Landwehr, N., Hess, U., & Dziobek, I. (2019). From face to face: The contribution of facial mimicry to cognitive and emotional empathy. Cognition and Emotion, 33(8), 1672–1686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvash, J., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2014). Theory of mind and empathy as multi-dimensional constructs: Neurological foundations. Topics in Language Disorders, 34(4), 282–295.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. (1993). An introduction to the bootstrap (Monographs on statistics and applied probability 57). Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Spinrad, T. L. (2006). Prosocial development. In N. Eisenberg, W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 646–718). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., & Strayer, J. (1987). Critical issues in the study of empathy. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Cambridge studies in social and emotional development. Empathy and its development (pp. 3–13). New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Erbas, Y., Ceulemans, E., Lee Pe, M., Koval, P., & Kuppens, P. (2014). Negative emotion differentiation: Its personality and well being correlates and a comparison of different assessment methods. Cognition and Emotion, 28, 1196–1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyal, T., Steffel, M., & Epley, N. (2018). Perspective mistaking: accurately understanding the mind of another requires getting perspective, not taking perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114, 547–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galesic, M., & Bosnjak, M. (2009). Effects of questionnaire length on participation and indicators of response quality in a web survey. Public Opinion Quarterly, 73, 349–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallant, C., & Good, D. (2019). Examining the “reading the mind in the eyes test” as an assessment of subtle differences in affective theory of mind after concussion. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 34, 296–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grynberg, D., & Lopez-Perez, B. (2018). Facing others’ misfortune: Personal distress mediates the association between maladaptive emotion regulation and social avoidance. PLoS ONE, 13(3), e0194248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, J. A., & Schwartz, R. (2018). Empathy present and future. Journal of Social Psychology, 00, 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J., & Rapson, R. (1994). Emotional contagion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hess, U., & Fischer, A. H. (Eds.). (2016). Emotional mimicry in social context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ibanez, A., Huepe, D., Gempp, R., Gutiérrez, V., Rivera-Rei, A., & Toledo, M. I. (2013). Empathy, sex and fluid intelligence as predictors of theory of mind. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 616–621.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ipser, A., & Cook, R. (2016). Inducing a concurrent motor load reduces categorization precision for facial expressions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 42(5), 706–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israelashvili, J., & Karniol, R. (2018). Testing alternative models of dispositional empathy: The affect-to-cognition (ACM) versus the cognition-to-affect (CAM) model. Personality and Individual Differences, 121, 161–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israelashvili, J., Oosterwijk, S., Sauter, D., & Fischer, A. (2019). Knowing me, knowing you: Emotion differentiation in oneself is associated with recognition of others’ emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 33(7), 1461–1471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israelashvili, J., Sauter, D., & Fischer, A. (2019). How well can we assess our ability to understand other’s feelings? Beliefs about taking other’s perspective and actual understanding of others’ emotions. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israelashvili, J., Sauter, D., & Fischer, A. (2020). Different faces of empathy: Feelings of similarity disrupt recognition of negative emotions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 87, 103912. doi:/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, P. L., Brunet, E., Meltzoff, A. N., & Decety, J. (2006). Empathy examined through the neural mechanisms involved in imagining how I feel versus how you feel pain. Neuropsychologia, 44(5), 752–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kameda, T., Murata, A., Sasaki, C., Higuchi, S., & Inukai, K. (2012). Empathizing with a dissimilar other: The role of self-other distinction in sympathetic responding. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 997–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liepmann, D., Beauducel, A., Brocke, B., Amthauer, R., & Vorst, H. (2010). IST –Intelligentie-Structuur-Test. Amsterdam: Hogrefe Uitgevers.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, M., & Wronski, L. (2018). Examining completion rates in web surveys via over 25,000 real-world surveys. Social Science Computer Review, 36(1), 116–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockwood, P. L., Ang, M., Husain, M., & Crockett, M. J. (2017). Individual differences in empathy are associated with apathy-motivation. Scientific Reports, 7, 17293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maniaci, M. R., & Rogge, R. D. (2014). Caring about carelessness: Participant inattention and its effects on research. Journal of Research in Personality, 48, 61–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe, C., Kim, D., & King, K. (2018). Improving present practices in the visual display of interactions. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(2), 147–165.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meade, A. W., & Craig, S. B. (2012). Identifying careless responses in survey data. Psychological Methods, 17, 437–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melchers, M., Montag, C., Reuter, M., Spinath, F. M., & Hahn, E. (2016). How heritable is empathy? Differential effects of measurement and subcomponents. Motivation and Emotion, 40(5), 720–730.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullins-Nelson, J. L., Salekin, R. T., & Leistico, A. M. R. (2006). Psychopathy, empathy, and perspective-taking ability in a community sample: Implications for the successful psychopathy concept. The International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 5, 133–149.
   Google Scholar
• Oakley, B. F., Brewer, R., Bird, G., & Catmur, C. (2016). Theory of mind is not theory of emotion: A cautionary note on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test. Journal of abnormal psychology, 125(6), 818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olderbak, S., & Wilhelm, O. (2017). Emotion perception and empathy: An individual differences test of relations. Emotion, 17(7), 1092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pancer, S. M. (1988). Salience of appeal and avoidance of helping situations. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 20(2), 133–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston, S. D., & de Waal, F. B. (2002). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral Brain Science, 25(1), 1–20 ; discussion 20–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reniers, R. L., Corcoran, R., Drake, R., Shryane, N. M., & Völlm, B. A. (2011). The QCAE: A questionnaire of cognitive and affective empathy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(1), 84–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riggio, R. E., Tucker, J., & Coffaro, D. (1989). Social skills and empathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 93–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlegel, K., Grandjean, D., & Scherer, K. R. (2014). Introducing the Geneva emotion recognition test: An example of Rasch-based test development. Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 666–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlegel, K., & Scherer, K. R. (2016). Introducing a short version of the Geneva emotion recognition test (GERT-S): Psychometric properties and construct validation. Behavior Research Methods, 48(4), 1383–1392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlegel, K., & Scherer, K. R. (2016). Introducing a short version of the Geneva Emotion Recognition Test (GERT-S): Psychometric properties and construct validation. Behavior research methods, 48(4), 1383–1392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., & Toguchi, Y. (2003). Pancultural self-enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(1), 60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Aharon-Peretz, J., & Perry, D. (2009). Two systems for empathy: A double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions. Brain, 132, 617–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, T., Kiebel, S. J., Winston, J. S., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2004). Brain responses to the acquired moral status of faces. Neuron, 41, 653–662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stel, M. (2016). The role of mimicry in understanding the emotions of others. In U. Hess & A. H. Fischer (Eds.), Emotional mimicry in social context (pp. 27–44). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stueber, K. R. (2006). Rediscovering empathy: Agency, folk psychology, and the human sciences. Cambridge: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, Z. E., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Eggum, N. D., & Sulik, M. J. (2013). The relations of ego-resiliency and emotion socialization to the development of empathy and prosocial behavior across early childhood. Emotion, 13(5), 822–831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todd, R. M., Cunningham, W. A., Anderson, A. K., & Thompson, E. (2012). Affect-biased attention as emotion regulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 365–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trommsdorff, G., Friedlmeier, W., & Mayer, B. (2007). Sympathy, distress, and prosocial behavior of preschool children in four cultures. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31, 284–293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Graaff, J., Meeus, W., de Wied, M., van Boxtel, A., van Lier, P. A. C., Koot, H. M., & Branje, S. (2016). Motor, affective and cognitive empathy in adolescence: Interrelations between facial electromyography and self-reported trait and state measures. Cognition and Emotion, 30(4), 745–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Schalk, J., Hawk, S. T., Fischer, A. H., & Doosje, B. (2011). Moving faces, looking places: Validation of the Amsterdam dynamic facial expression set (ADFES). Emotion, 11(4), 907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegrzyn, M., Vogt, M., Kireclioglu, B., Schneider, J., & Kissler, J. (2017). Mapping the emotional face: How individual face parts contribute to successful emotion recognition. PloS one, 12(5), e0177239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilhelm, O., Hildebrandt, A., Manske, K., Schacht, A., & Sommer, W. (2014). Test battery for measuring the perception and recognition of facial expressions of emotion. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaki, J. (2014). Empathy: A motivated account. Psychological Bulletin, 140(6), 1608–1647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaki, J., & Ochsner, K. (2015). Empathy. In L. Feldman-Barrett, M. Lewis, & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotion (pp. 1–34). New York, NY: Guilford. Vol. 4.
   Google Scholar