Facial mimicry, empathy, and emotion recognition: a meta-analysis of correlations

References

• Adams, T., Pounder, Z., Preston, S., Hanson, A., Gallagher, P., Harmer, C. J., & McAllister-Williams, R. H. (2016). Test-retest reliability and task order effects of emotional cognitive tests in healthy subjects. Cognition and Emotion, 30(7), 1247–1259. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1055713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Argaud, S., Delplanque, S., Houvenaghel, J. F., Auffret, M., Duprez, J., Vérin, M., Sauleau, P., Grandjean, D., & Sauleau, P. (2016). Does facial amimia impact the recognition of facial emotions? An EMG study in Parkinson’s Disease. PLoS ONE, 11(7), e0160329. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avenanti, A., Bueti, D., Galati, G., & Aglioti, S. M. (2005). Transcranial magnetic stimulation highlights the sensorimotor side of empathy for pain. Nature Neuroscience, 8(7), 955–960. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Bailey, P. E., Henry, J. D., & Nangle, M. R. (2009). Electromyographic evidence for age-related differences in the mimicry of anger. Psychology and Aging, 24(1), 224–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balconi, M., & Canavesio, Y. (2013). Emotional contagion and trait empathy in prosocial behavior in young people: The contribution of autonomic (facial feedback) and Balanced emotional empathy Scale (BEES) measures. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 35(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2012.742492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy Quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger Syndrome or high functioning Autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D., O'Quin, K., Fultz, J., Vanderplas, M., & Isen, A. M. (1983). Influence of self-reported distress and empathy on egoistic versus altruistic motivation to help. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(3), 706–718. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blairy, S, Herrera, P, & Hess, U. (1999). Mimicry and the judgment of emotional facial expressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 23(1), 5–41. doi: 10.1023/A:1021370825283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2010). A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis. Research Synthesis Methods, 1(2), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgeois, P., & Hess, U. (2008). The impact of social context on mimicry. Biological Psychology, 77(3), 343–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.11.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buccino, G., Binkofski, F., Fink, G. R., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., & Freund, H. J. (2001). Action observation activates premotor and parietal areas in a somatotopic manner: An fMRI study. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 13(2), 400–404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2001.01385.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buck, R. (1980). Nonverbal behavior and the theory of emotion: The facial feedback hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(5), 811–824. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.38.5.811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cafri, G., Kromrey, J. D., & Brannick, M. T. (2009). A SAS macro for statistical power calculations in meta-analysis. Behavior Research Methods, 41(1), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.1.35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Chakraborty, A., & Chakrabarti, B. (2015). Is it me? Self-recognition bias across sensory modalities and its relationship to autistic traits. Molecular Autism, 6(1), https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-015-0016-1
   Google Scholar
• Chartrand, T. L., & Bargh, J. A. (1999). The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(6), 893–910. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Codispoti, M., Surcinelli, P., & Baldaro, B. (2008). Watching emotional movies: Affective reactions and gender differences. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 69(2), 90–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coles, N. A., Larsen, J. T., & Lench, H. C. (2019). A meta-analysis of the facial feedback literature: Effects of facial feedback on emotional experience are small and variable. Psychological Bulletin. [Advance online publication] https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decety, J., Grèzes, J., Costes, N., Perani, D., Jeannerod, M., Procyk, E., … Fazio, F. (1997). Brain activity during observation of actions. Influence of action content and subject’s strategy. Brain, 120(Pt 10), 1763–1777. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/120.10.1763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Re, A. C. (2015). A practical tutorial on conducting meta-analysis in R. The Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 11(1), 37–50. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.11.1.p037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Deng, Y., Chang, L., Yang, M., Huo, M., & Zhou, R. (2016). Gender differences in emotional response: Inconsistency between experience and expressivity. PLoS ONE, 11(6), e0158666. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Deng, Y., & Hu, P. (2017). Matching your face or appraising the situation: Two paths to emotional contagion. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2278. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *de Sousa, A., McDonald, S., Rushby, J., Li, S., Dimoska, A., & James, C. (2011). Understanding deficits in empathy after traumatic brain injury: The role of affective responsivity. Cortex, 47(5), 526–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2010.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Waal, F. B. M., & Preston, S. D. (2017). Mammalian empathy: Behavioural manifestations and neural basis. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18(8), 498–509. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimberg, U., & Lundquist, L.-O. (1990). Gender differences in facial reactions to facial expressions. Biological Psychology, 30(2), 151–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(90)90024-Q
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimberg, U., Thunberg, M., & Elmehed, K. (2000). Unconscious facial reactions to emotional facial expressions. Psychological Science, 11(1), 86–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Dimberg, U., & Thunberg, M. (2012). Empathy, emotional contagion, and rapid facial reactions to angry and happy facial expressions: Empathy and rapid facial reactions. PsyCh Journal, 1(2), 118–127. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doherty, R. W., Orimoto, L., Singelis, T. M., Hatfield, E., & Hebb, J. (1995). Emotional contagion: Gender and occupational differences. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19(3), 355–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1995.tb00080.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Drimalla, H., Landwehr, N., Hess, U., & Dziobek, I. (2019). From face to face: The contribution of facial mimicry to cognitive and emotional empathy. Cognition and Emotion, https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1596068
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger, M., Davey Smith, G., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ, 315(7109), 629–634. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., & Lennon, R. (1983). Sex differences in empathy and related capacities. Psychological Bulletin, 94(1), 100–131. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.94.1.100
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman, P., & Rosenberg, E. L. (2005). What the face RevealsBasic and applied studies of spontaneous expression using the facial action coding system (FACS). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fridlund, A. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Guidelines for human electromyographic research. Psychophysiology, 23(5), 567–589. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00676.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, J. A. (1978). Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues. Psychological Bulletin, 85(4), 845–857. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.85.4.845
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, J. A., & Matsumoto, D. (2004). Gender differences in judgments of multiple emotions from facial expressions. Emotion, 4(2), 201–206. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.4.2.201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, J. A., & Schwartz, R. (2019). Empathy present and future. The Journal of Social Psychology, 159(3), 225–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2018.1477442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Harrison, N. A., Morgan, R., & Critchley, H. D. (2010). From facial mimicry to emotional empathy: A role for norepinephrine? Social Neuroscience, 5(4), 393–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470911003656330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1994). Emotional contagion. Cambridge University Press . Editions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme.
   Google Scholar
• Hatfield, E., Rapson, R. L., & Yen-Chi, L. (2009). Emotional contagion and empathy. MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hawk, S. T., Fischer, A. H., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2012). Face the noise: Embodied responses to nonverbal vocalizations of discrete emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(4), 796–814. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedges, L. V., & Pigott, T. D. (2004). The power of statistical tests for moderators in meta-analysis. Psychological Methods, 9(4), 426–445. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.9.4.426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hein, G., & Singer, T. (2008). I feel how you feel but not always: The empathic brain and its modulation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 18(2), 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2008.07.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess, U., Arslan, R., Mauersberger, H., Blaison, C., Dufner, M., Denissen, J. J. A., & Ziegler, M. (2017). Reliability of surface facial electromyography. Psychophysiology, 54(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess, U., & Fischer, A. (2013). Emotional mimicry as social regulation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17(2), 142–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868312472607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess, U., & Fischer, A. (2014). Emotional mimicry: Why and when we mimic emotions: Emotional mimicry. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(2), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12083
   Google Scholar
• *Hess, U., & Blairy, S. (2001). Facial mimicry and emotional contagion to dynamic emotional facial expressions and their influence on decoding accuracy. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 40(2), 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(00)00161-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyes, C. (2011). Automatic imitation. Psychological Bulletin, 137(3), 463–483. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hietanen, J. K., Surakka, V., & Linnankoski, I. (1998). Facial electromyographic responses to vocal affect expressions. Psychophysiology, 35(5), 530–536. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0048577298970445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P. T. (2008). Commentary: Heterogeneity in meta-analysis should be expected and appropriately quantified. International Journal of Epidemiology, 37(5), 1158–1160. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ, 327(7414), 557–560. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, H., Kessler, H., Eppel, T., Rukavina, S., & Traue, H. C. (2010). Expression intensity, gender and facial emotion recognition: Women recognize only subtle facial emotions better than men. Acta Psychologica, 135(3), 278–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.07.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Hua, A. Y., Sible, I. J., Perry, D. C., Rankin, K. P., Kramer, J. H., Miller, B. L., Rosen H. J., & Sturm, V. E. (2018). Enhanced positive emotional Reactivity Undermines empathy in Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia. Frontiers in Neurology, 9, 402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.00402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Hühnel, I., Fölster, M., Werheid, K., & Hess, U. (2014). Empathic reactions of younger and older adults: No age related decline in affective responding. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 136–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.09.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iacoboni, M., Molnar-Szakacs, I., Gallese, V., Buccino, G., Mazziotta, J. C., & Rizzolatti, G. (2005). Grasping the intentions of others with one’s own mirror neuron system. PLoS Biology, 3(3), e79. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ioannidis, J. P. A., Patsopoulos, N. A., & Evangelou, E. (2007). Uncertainty in heterogeneity estimates in meta-analyses. BMJ, 335(7626), 914–916. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39343.408449.80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korb, S., With, S., Niedenthal, P., Kaiser, S., & Grandjean, D. (2014). The perception and mimicry of facial movements Predict Judgments of Smile authenticity. PLoS ONE, 9(6), e99194. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Korb, S., Malsert, J., Rochas, V., Rihs, T. A., Rieger, S. W., Schwab, S., Niedenthal P. M., & Grandjean, D. (2015). Gender differences in the neural network of facial mimicry of smiles–An rTMS study. Cortex, 70, 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2015.06.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kring, A. M., & Gordon, A. H. (1998). Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 686–703. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Künecke, J., Hildebrandt, A., Recio, G., Sommer, W., & Wilhelm, O. (2014). Facial EMG responses to emotional expressions are related to emotion perception ability. PLoS ONE, 9(1), e84053. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakens, D., Hilgard, J., & Staaks, J. (2016). On the reproducibility of meta-analyses: Six practical recommendations. BMC Psychology, 4(1), https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-016-0126-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamm, C., Portes, E. C., Cacioppo, J., & Decety, J. (2008). Perspective taking is associated with specific facial responses during empathy for pain. Brain Research, 1227, 153–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.06.066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leighton, J., Bird, G., Orsini, C., & Heyes, C. (2010). Social attitudes modulate automatic imitation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(6), 905–910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, S., & Clarke, M. (2001). Forest plots: Trying to see the wood and the trees. BMJ, 322(7300), 1479–1480. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7300.1479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Likowski, K. U., Mühlberger, A., Seibt, B., Pauli, P., & Weyers, P. (2008). Modulation of facial mimicry by attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(4), 1065–1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2007.10.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipps, T. (1907). Das wissen von fremden ichen. Psychologischen Untersuchungen, 1, 694–722.
   Google Scholar
• Magnée, M. J. C. M., Stekelenburg, J. J., Kemner, C., & de Gelder, B. (2007). Similar facial electromyographic responses to faces, voices, and body expressions. Neuroreport, 18(4), 369–372. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e32801776e6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maringer, M., Krumhuber, E. G., Fischer, A. H., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2011). Beyond smile dynamics: Mimicry and beliefs in judgments of smiles. Emotion, 11(1), 181–187. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Mathersul, D., McDonald, S., & Rushby, J. A. (2013). Automatic facial responses to briefly presented emotional stimuli in autism spectrum disorder. Biological Psychology, 94(2), 397–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto, D., LeRoux, J., Wilson-Cohn, C., Raroque, J., Kooken, K., Ekman, P., Yrizarry N., Loewinger S., Uchida H., Yee A., Amo L., & Goh, A. (2000). A new test to measure emotion recognition ability: Matsumoto and Ekman’s Japanese and Caucasian brief affect recognition test (JACBART). Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 24(3), 179–209. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006668120583
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *McDonald, S., Li, S., De Sousa, A., Rushby, J., Dimoska, A., James, C., & Tate, R. L. (2011). Impaired mimicry response to angry faces following severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(1), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803391003761967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrabian, A. (1996). Manual for the balanced emotional empathy scale (BEES).
   Google Scholar
• Mehrabian, A., & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40(4), 525–543. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1972.tb00078.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1997). Explaining facial imitation: A theoretical model. Early Development and Parenting, 6(3–4), 179–192. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0917(199709/12)6:3/4&lt;179::AID-EDP157>3.0.CO;2-R doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0917(199709/12)6:3/4<179::AID-EDP157>3.0.CO;2-R
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The, P. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niedenthal, P. M., Brauer, M., Halberstadt, J. B., & Innes-Ker, ÅH. (2001). When did her smile drop? Facial mimicry and the influences of emotional state on the detection of change in emotional expression. Cognition & Emotion, 15(6), 853–864. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930143000194
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niedenthal, P. M., Mermillod, M., Maringer, M., & Hess, U. (2010). The simulation of smiles (SIMS) model: Embodied simulation and the meaning of facial expression. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(6), 417–433. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X10000865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Nilsonne, G., Tamm, S., Golkar, A., Sörman, K., Howner, K., Kristiansson, M., Olsson A., Ingvar M., & Petrovic, P. (2017). Effects of 25 mg oxazepam on emotional mimicry and empathy for pain: A randomized controlled experiment. Royal Society Open Science, 4(3), 160607. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura, K., & Akai, S. (2012). Empathy with fictional stories: Reconsideration of the Fantasy scale of the Interpersonal Reactivity index. Psychological Reports, 110(1), 304–314. https://doi.org/10.2466/02.07.09.11.PR0.110.1.304-314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberman, L. M., Winkielman, P., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2007). Face to face: Blocking facial mimicry can selectively impair recognition of emotional expressions. Social Neuroscience, 2(3–4), 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470910701391943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oosterwijk, S., Snoek, L., Rotteveel, M., Barrett, L. F., & Scholte, H. S. (2017). Shared states: Using MVPA to test neural overlap between self-focused emotion imagery and other-focused emotion understanding. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(7), 1025–1035. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsx037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Peter-Ruf, C., Kirmse, U., Pfeiffer, S., Schmid, M., Wilhelm, F. H., & In-Albon, T. (2017). Emotion Regulation in high and Low Socially Anxious individuals: An experimental study investigating emotional mimicry, emotion recognition, and self-reported emotion Regulation. Journal of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, 1(1), 17–26.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, R. A., & Brown, S. P. (2005). On the use of Beta coefficients in meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 175–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston, S. D., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2002). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(1), 1–20. -71. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintana, D. S. (2015). From pre-registration to publication: A non-technical primer for conducting a meta-analysis to synthesize correlational data. Frontiers in Psychology, 6), https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Rehberger, C. (2014). Examining the relationships between empathy, mood, and facial mimicry. DePaul Discoveries, 3(1), 5.
   Google Scholar
• Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Gallese, V., & Fogassi, L. (1996). Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Cognitive Brain Research, 3(2), 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/0926-6410(95)00038-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rychlowska, M., Cañadas, E., Wood, A., Krumhuber, E. G., Fischer, A., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2014). Blocking mimicry makes true and false smiles look the same. PLoS ONE, 9(3), e90876. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rymarczyk, K., Biele, C., Grabowska, A., & Majczynski, H. (2011). EMG activity in response to static and dynamic facial expressions. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 79(2), 330–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Rymarczyk, K., Żurawski, Ł, Jankowiak-Siuda, K., & Szatkowska, I. (2016). Do dynamic compared to static facial expressions of happiness and anger reveal enhanced facial mimicry? PLoS ONE, 11(7), e0158534. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Sato, W., Fujimura, T., Kochiyama, T., & Suzuki, N. (2013). Relationships among facial mimicry, emotional experience, and emotion recognition. PLoS ONE, 8(3), e57889. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Sato, W., Fujimura, T., & Suzuki, N. (2008). Enhanced facial EMG activity in response to dynamic facial expressions. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 70(1), 70–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Scarpazza, C., Làdavas, E., & Cattaneo, L. (2018). Invisible side of emotions: Somato-motor responses to affective facial displays in alexithymia. Experimental Brain Research, 236(1), 195–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-017-5118-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schirmer, A., & Adolphs, R. (2017). Emotion perception from face, Voice, and Touch: Comparisons and Convergence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(3), 216–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S., & Susser, E. (2011). The use of well controls: An unhealthy practice in psychiatric research. Psychological Medicine, 41(6), 1127–1131. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710001595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2011). The neural Bases for empathy. The Neuroscientist, 17(1), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858410379268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Sims, T. B., Van Reekum, C. M., Johnstone, T., & Chakrabarti, B. (2012). How reward modulates mimicry: EMG evidence of greater facial mimicry of more rewarding happy faces. Psychophysiology, 49(7), 998–1004. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01377.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonnby-Borgström, M. (2002). Automatic mimicry reactions as related to differences in emotional empathy. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43(5), 433–443. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Sonnby-Borgström, M. (2009). Alexithymia as related to facial imitation, mentalization, empathy, and internal working models-of-self and-others. Neuropsychoanalysis, 11(1), 111–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/15294145.2009.10773602
   Google Scholar
• *Sonnby-Borgström, M., Jönsson, P., & Svensson, O. (2003). Emotional empathy as related to mimicry reactions at different levels of information processing. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 27(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023608506243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Sun, Y.-B., Wang, Y.-Z., Wang, J.-Y., & Luo, F. (2015). Emotional mimicry signals pain empathy as evidenced by facial electromyography. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 16988. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36(3), https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v036.i03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wacker, R., Bölte, S., & Dziobek, I. (2017). Women know better what other women think and Feel: Gender effects on mindreading across the adult life span. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagenmakers, E.-J., Beek, T., Dijkhoff, L., Gronau, Q. F., Acosta, A., Adams, R. B., Albohn D. N., Allard E. S., Benning S. D., Blouin-Hudon E.-M., Bulnes L. C., Caldwell T. L., Calin-Jageman R. J., Capaldi C. A., Carfagno N. S., Chasten K. T., Cleeremans A., Connell L., DeCicco J. M., … Zwaan, R. A. (2016). Registered replication report: Strack, Martin, & Stepper (1988). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(6), 917–928. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616674458
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyers, P., Mühlberger, A., Hefele, C., & Pauli, P. (2006). Electromyographic responses to static and dynamic avatar emotional facial expressions. Psychophysiology, 43(5), 450–453. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00451.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Papers included in the meta-analysis
   Google Scholar