References
- Alicke, M. D., & Govorun, O. (2005). The better-than-average effect. In M. D. Alicke, D. Dunning, & J. Krueger (Eds.), The self in social judgment (pp. 85–106). Psychology Press.
- Brown, J. D. (2012). Understanding the better than average effect: Motives (still) matter. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(2), 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211432763
- Brown, R. (2008). American and Japanese beliefs about self-esteem. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 11(4), 293–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2008.00270.x
- Brown, J. D., & Dutton, K. A. (1995). The thrill of victory, the complexity of defeat: Self-esteem and people's emotional reactions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(4), 712–722. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.4.712
- Corballis, M. C. (2014). The recursive mind: The origins of human language, thought, and civilization-updated edition. Princeton University Press.
- Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., Cooper, M. L., & Bouvrette, A. (2003). Contingencies of self-worth in college students: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(5), 894–908. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.894
- Curran, P. J., & Hussong, A. M. (2009). Integrative data analysis: The simultaneous analysis of multiple data sets. Psychological Methods, 14(2), 81–100. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015914
- Fein, S., & Spencer, S. J. (1997). Prejudice as self-image maintenance: Affirming the self through derogating others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.31
- Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2007). Unraveling the processes underlying evaluation: Attitudes from the perspective of the APE model. Social Cognition, 25(5), 687–717. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.687
- Gibbons, F. X., & Buunk, B. P. (1999). Individual differences in social comparison: Development of a scale of social comparison orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(1), 129–142. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.129
- Gramzow, R. H., & Willard, G. (2006). Exaggerating current and past performance: Motivated self-enhancement versus reconstructive memory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(8), 1114–1125. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206288600
- Gregg, A. P. (2009). Is identity per se irrelevant? A contrarian view of self-verification effects. Depression and Anxiety, 26(2), E49–E59. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20428
- Gregg, A. P., Hepper, E. G., & Sedikides, C. (2011). Quantifying self-motives: Functional links between dispositional desires. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(7), 840–852. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.827
- Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94(3), 319–340. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319
- Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52(12), 1280–1300. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.52.12.1280
- Huelsman, T. J., Nemanick, R. C., Jr., & Munz, D. C. (1998). Scales to measure four dimensions of dispositional mood: Positive energy, tiredness, negative activation, and relaxation. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58(5), 804–819. doi: 10.1177/0013164498058005006
- Kelly, G. A. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs. W. W. Norton & Co.
- Kunda, Z. (1987). Motivated inference: Self-serving generation and evaluation of causal theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(4), 636–647. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.4.636
- Kwang, T., & Swann Jr, W. B. (2010). Do people embrace praise even when they feel unworthy? A review of critical tests of self-enhancement versus self-verification. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(3), 263–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868310365876
- Labroo, A. A., & Rucker, D. D. (2010). The orientation-matching hypothesis: An emotion-specificity approach to affect regulation. Journal of Marketing Research, 47(5), 955–966. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.47.5.955
- Lafrenière, M. A. K., Sedikides, C., & Lei, X. (2016). Regulatory fit in self-enhancement and self-protection: Implications for life satisfaction in the west and the east. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(3), 1111–1123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9634-8
- Leary, M. R. (2005). Sociometer theory and the pursuit of relational value: Getting to the root of self-esteem. European Review of Social Psychology, 16(1), 75–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280540000007
- Mahadevan, N., Gregg, A. P., & Sedikides, C. (2019). Is self-regard a sociometer or a hierometer? Self-esteem tracks status and inclusion, narcissism tracks status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 116(3), 444–466. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000189
- Molden, D. C., & Dweck, C. S. (2006). Finding meaning in psychology: A lay theories approach to self-regulation, social perception, and social development. American Psychologist, 61(3), 192. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.3.192
- Nussbaum, A. D., & Dweck, C. S. (2008). Defensiveness versus remediation: Self-theories and modes of self-esteem maintenance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(5), 599–612. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207312960
- Paulhus, D. L., Harms, P. D., Bruce, M. N., & Lysy, D. C. (2003). The over-claiming technique: Measuring self-enhancement independent of ability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 890–904. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.890
- Pelham, B. W. (1991). On confidence and consequence: The certainty and importance of self-knowledge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 518–530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.518
- Proulx, T., & Heine, S. J. (2006). Death and black diamonds: Meaning, mortality, and the meaning maintenance model. Psychological Inquiry, 17(4), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701366985
- Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press.
- Schad, D. J., Vasishth, S., Hohenstein, S., & Kliegl, R. (2020). How to capitalize on a priori contrasts in linear (mixed) models: A tutorial. Journal of Memory and Language, 110, 104038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2019.104038
- Shrauger, J. S. (1975). Responses to evaluation as a function of initial self-perceptions. Psychological Bulletin, 82(4), 581–596. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076791
- Spencer, S. J., Fein, S., Wolfe, C. T., Fong, C., & Duinn, M. A. (1998). Automatic activation of stereotypes: The role of self-image threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(11), 1139–1152. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672982411001
- Story, A. L. (1998). Self-esteem and memory for favorable and unfavorable personality feedback. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(1), 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167298241004
- Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(3), 220–247. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1
- Swann, W. B., Chang-Schneider, C., & Larsen McClarty, K. (2007). Do people's self-views matter? Self-concept and self-esteem in everyday life. American Psychologist, 62(2), 84–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.2.84
- Swann, W. B., Hixon, J. G., Stein-Seroussi, A., & Gilbert, D. T. (1990). The fleeting gleam of praise: Cognitive processes underlying behavioral reactions to self-relevant feedback. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.1.17
- Thomaes, S., Brummelman, E., & Sedikides, C. (2017). Why most children think well of themselves. Child Development, 88(6), 1873–1884. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12937
- VanDellen, M. R., Campbell, W. K., Hoyle, R. H., & Bradfield, E. K. (2011). Compensating, resisting, and breaking: A meta-analytic examination of reactions to self-esteem threat. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(1), 51–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868310372950
- Vaughan-Johnston, T. I., & Jacobson, J. A. (2020). “Need” personality constructs and preferences for different types of self-relevant feedback. Personality and Individual Differences, 154, 109671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109671
- Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1997). The flexible correction model:The role of naive theories of bias in bias correction. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 141–208). Academic Press.
- Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1998). The naive scientist revisited: Naive theories and social judgment. Social Cognition, 16(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1998.16.1.1