References
- Abrams, D., Marques, J. M., Bown, N., & Henson, M. (2000). Pro-norm and anti-norm deviance within and between groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(5), 906–912. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.906
- Agroskin, D., Jonas, E., Klackl, J., & Prentice, M. (2016). Inhibition underlies the effect of high need for closure on cultural closed-mindedness under mortality salience. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01583
- Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Schimel, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (2002). To belong or not to belong, that is the question: Terror management and identification with gender and ethnicity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(1), 26–43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.26
- Barreto, M., & Ellemers, N. (2015). Detecting and experiencing prejudice: New answers to old questions. In J. M. Olson & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 52, pp. 139–219). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.02.001
- Branscombe, N. R., Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (1999). The context and content of social identity threat. In N. Ellemers, R. Spears, & B. Doosje (Eds.), Social identity: Context, commitment, content (pp. 35–58). Blackwell Science.
- Carver, C. S., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2009). Anger is an approach-related affect: Evidence and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 135(2), 183–204. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013965
- Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(2), 319–333. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319
- Corr, P. J., & Cooper, A. J. (2016). The reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality questionnaire (RST-PQ): Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 28(11), 1427–1440. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000273
- Corr, P. J., DeYoung, C. G., & McNaughton, N. (2013). Motivation and personality: A neuropsychological perspective. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(3), 158–175. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12016
- Crane, M. F., & Platow, M. J. (2010). Deviance as adherence to injunctive group norms: The overlooked role of social identification in deviance. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49(4), 827–847. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1348/014466609X481416
- Ditrich, L., Lüders, A., Jonas, E., & Sassenberg, K. (2019). Leader’s group-norm violations elicit intentions to leave the group – If the group-norm is not affirmed. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 84, 103798. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.03.009
- Ditrich, L., & Sassenberg, K. (2016). It’s either you or me! Impact of deviations on social exclusion and leaving. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 19(5), 630–652. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430216638533
- Ditrich, L., & Sassenberg, K. (2017). Kicking out the trolls – Antecedents of social exclusion intentions in Facebook groups. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 32–41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.04.049
- Ditrich, L., Scholl, A., & Sassenberg, K. (2017). Time to go! Leaving the group in response to norm-deviations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 73, 259–267. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.07.005
- Eidelman, S., & Biernat, M. (2003). Derogating black sheep: Individual or group protection? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(6), 602–609. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00042-8
- Eidelman, S., Silvia, P. J., & Biernat, M. (2006). Responding to deviance: Target exclusion and differential devaluation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(9), 1153–1164. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206288720
- Elder, T. J., Sutton, R. M., & Douglas, K. M. (2005). Keeping it to ourselves: Effects of audience size and composition on reactions to criticisms of the ingroup. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 8(3), 231–244. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430205053940
- Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
- Fousiani, K., Yzerbyt, V., Kteily, N., & Demoulin, S. (2019). Justice reactions to deviant ingroup members: Ingroup identity threat motivates utilitarian punishments. British Journal of Social Psychology, 58(4), 869–893. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12312
- Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., & ter Schure, E. (1989). Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(2), 212–228. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.212
- Frings, D., & Abrams, D. (2010). The effect of difference oriented communication on the subjective validity of an in-group norm: Doc can treat the group. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 14(4), 281–291. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019162
- Frings, D., Hurst, J., Cleveland, C., Blascovich, J., & Abrams, D. (2012). Challenge, threat, and subjective group dynamics: Reactions to normative and deviant group members. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 16(2), 105–121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027504
- Fritsche, I., Jonas, E., Ablasser, C., Beyer, M., Kuban, J., Manger, A.-M., & Schultz, M. (2013). The power of we: Evidence for group-based control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.07.014
- Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2003). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Greenaway, K. H., Storrs, K. R., Philipp, M. C., Louis, W. R., Hornsey, M. J., & Vohs, K. D. (2015). Loss of Control Stimulates Approach Motivation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 56, 235–241. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.10.009
- Harmon-Jones, E., Harmon-Jones, C., & Price, T. F. (2013). What is approach motivation? Emotion Review, 5(3), 291–295. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073913477509
- Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press.
- Hogg, M. A., Sherman, D. K., Dierselhuis, J., Maitner, A. T., & Moffitt, G. (2007). Uncertainty, entitativity, and group identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(1), 135–142. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2005.12.008
- Hornsey, M. J. (2005). Why being right is not enough: Predicting defensiveness in the face of group criticism. European Review of Social Psychology, 16(1), 301–334. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280500436040
- Hornsey, M. J., & Imani, A. (2004). Criticising groups from the inside and the outside: An identity perspective on the intergroup sensitivity effect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(3), 365–383. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203261295
- Hornsey, M. J., Oppes, T., & Svensson, A. (2002). “It’s OK if we say it, but you can’t”: Responses to intergroup and intragroup criticism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32(3), 293–307. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.90
- Hutchison, P., Abrams, D., Gutierrez, R., & Viki, G. T. (2008). Getting rid of the bad ones: The relationship between group identification, deviant derogation, and identity maintenance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(3), 874–881. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2007.09.001
- Jonas, E., McGregor, I., Klackl, J., Agroskin, D., Fritsche, I., Holbrook, C., Nash, K., Proulx, T., & Quirin, M. (2014). Threat and defense: From anxiety to approach. In J. M. Olson & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 49, pp. 219–286). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800052-6.00004-4
- Juvonen, J. (1992). Negative peer reactions from the perspective of the reactor. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(3), 314–321. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.84.3.314
- Legate, N., DeHaan, C. R., Weinstein, N., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Hurting you hurts me too: The psychological costs of complying with ostracism. Psychological Science, 24(4), 583–588. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612457951
- Levine, J. M., & Marques, J. M. (2016). Norm violators as threats and opportunities: The many faces of deviance in groups. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 19(5), 545–552. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430216657415
- Maack, D. J., Buchanan, E., & Young, J. (2015). Development and psychometric investigation of an inventory to assess fight, flight, and freeze tendencies: The fight, flight, freeze questionnaire. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44(2), 117–127. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2014.972443
- Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 602–616. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.602
- Marques, J. M., Abrams, D., Páez, D., & Hogg, M. A. (2001). Social categorization, social identification, and rejection of deviant group members. In M. A. Hogg & R. S. Tindale (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Group processes (pp. 400–424). Blackwell Publishers Ltd. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470998458.ch17
- Marques, J. M., Abrams, D., & Serôdio, R. G. (2001). Being better by being right: Subjective group dynamics and derogation of in-group deviants when generic norms are undermined. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(3), 436–447. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.3.436
- Marques, J. M., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (1988). The black sheep effect: Judgmental extremity towards ingroup members in inter-and intra-group situations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18(3), 287–292. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420180308
- McNaughton, N., & Corr, P. J. (2004). A two-dimensional neuropsychology of defense: Fear/anxiety and defensive distance. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 28(3), 285–305. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.03.005
- Mendoza, S. A., Lane, S. P., & Amodio, D. M. (2014). For members only: Ingroup punishment of fairness norm violations in the ultimatum game. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(6), 662–670. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550614527115
- Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2017). Mplus User's Guide. Eighth Edition. Los Angeles, CA, US: Muthén and Muthén.
- O’Dwyer, A., Berkowitz, N. H., & Alfeld-Johnson, D. (2002). Group and person attributions in response to criticism of the in-group. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41(4), 563–588. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1348/014466602321149885
- Pinto, I. R., Marques, J. M., Levine, J. M., & Abrams, D. (2010). Membership status and subjective group dynamics: Who triggers the black sheep effect? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(1), 107–119. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018187
- Sassenberg, K., & Hansen, N. (2007). The impact of regulatory focus on affective responses to social discrimination. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(3), 421–444. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.358
- Schachter, S. (1951). Deviation, rejection, and communication. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46(2), 190–207. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/h0062326
- Thürmer, J. L., & McCrea, S. M. (2018). Beyond motivated reasoning: Hostile reactions to critical comments from the outgroup. Motivation Science, 4(4), 333–346. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000097
- Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v036.i03
- Voci, A. (2006). The link between identification and in-group favouritism: Effects of threat to social identity and trust-related emotions. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45(2), 265–284. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1348/014466605X52245
- Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 425–452. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641
- Yik, M., Russell, J. A., & Steiger, J. H. (2011). A 12-point circumplex structure of core affect. Emotion, 11(4), 705–731. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023980