The influence of memory for impressions based on behaviours and beliefs on approach/avoidance decisions

References

• Adams, R. B., Ambady, N., Macrae, C. N., & Kleck, R. E. (2006). Emotional expressions forecast approach-avoidance behavior. Motivation and Emotion, 30(2), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9020-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (1998). The human amygdala in social judgment. Nature, 393(4), 470–474. doi:10.1038/30982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5(4), 323–370. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, M. J., Young, S. G., & Hugenberg, K. (2007). The cross-category effect. Psychological Science, 18(8), 706–712. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01964.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogardus, E. S. (1933). A social distance scale. Sociology & Social Research, 17, 265–271.
   Google Scholar
• Brandt, M. J., Reyna, C., Chambers, J. R., Crawford, J. T., & Wetherell, G. (2014). The ideological-conflict hypothesis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413510932
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlston, D. E., & Skowronski, J. J. (1994). Savings in the relearning of trait information as evidence for spontaneous inference generation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(5), 840–856. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.840
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlston, D. E., Skowronski, J. J., & Sparks, C. (1995). Savings in relearning: II. On the formation of behavior-based trait associations and inferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(3), 420–436. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.3.429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy, B. S., Leshikar, E. D., Shih, J. Y., Aizenman, A., & Gutchess, A. H. (2013). Valence-based age differences in medial prefrontal activity during impression formation. Social Neuroscience, 8(5), 462–473. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2013.832373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy, B. S., Zebrowitz, L. A., & Gutchess, A. H. (2012). Appearance-based inferences bias source memory. Memory & Cognition, 40(8), 1214–1224. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-012-0233-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, M., & Bargh, J. A. (1999). Consequences of automatic evaluation: Immediate behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid the stimulus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(2), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167299025002007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, J. T., & Pilanski, J. M. (2014). Political intolerance, right and left. Political Psychology, 35(6), 841–851. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00926.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Argembeau, A., Lepper, M., & Van der Linden, M. (2008). Embodiment effects in memory for facial identity and facial expression. Cognition & Emotion, 22(January 2015), 1198–1208. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930701667776
   Google Scholar
• De Houwer, J., Crombez, G., Baeyens, F., & Hermans, D. (2001). On the generality of the affective Simon effect. Cognition & Emotion, 15(2), 189–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930125883
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunning, D. (2011). The relation of self to social perception. In M. R. Leary, & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (2nd ed., pp. 421–441). Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Elliot, A. J. (1999). Approach and avoidance motivation and achievement goals. Educational Psychologist, 34(3), 169–189. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep3403_3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot, A. J., & Covington, M. V. (2001). Approach and avoidance motivation. Educational Psychology Review, 13(2), 73–92. doi:10.1023/A:1009009018235
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenske, M. J., Raymond, J. E., Kessler, K., Westoby, N., & Tipper, S. P. (2005). Attentional inhibition has social-emotional consequences for unfamiliar faces. Psychological Science, 16(10), 753–758. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01609.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankenstein, A. N., McCurdy, M. P., Sklenar, A. M., Pandya, R., Szpunar, K. K., & Leshikar, E. D. (2020). Future thinking about social targets: The influence of prediction outcome on memory. Cognition, 204, 104390–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frimer, J. A., Skitka, L. J., & Motyl, M. (2017). Liberals and conservatives are similarly motivated to avoid exposure to one another’s opinions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 72(September), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.04.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gable, S. L. (2006). Approach and avoidance social motives and goals. Journal of Personality, 74(1), 175–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00373.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannakopoulos, K. L., McCurdy, M. P., Sklenar, A. M., Frankenstein, A. N., Urban Levy, P., & Leshikar, E. D. (2021). Less constrained practice tests enhance the testing effect for item memory but not context memory. The American Journal of Psychology, 134(3), 321–332. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.134.3.0321
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilron, R., & Gutchess, A. H. (2012). Remembering first impressions: Effects of intentionality and diagnosticity on subsequent memory. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 12(1), 85–98. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-011-0074-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuer, K., Rinck, M., & Becker, E. S. (2007). Avoidance of emotional facial expressions in social anxiety: The Approach-Avoidance Task. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(12), 2990–3001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howe, L. C., & Krosnick, J. A. (2017). Attitude strength. Annual Review of Psychology, 68(1), 327–351. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilenikhena, G., Narmawala, H., Sklenar, A. M., McCurdy, M. P., Gutchess, A., & Leshikar, E. D. (2021). STOP SHOUTING AT ME: The influence of case and self-referencing on explicit and implicit memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 685756. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inbar, Y., & Lammers, J. (2012). Political diversity in social and personality psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(5), 496–503. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612448792
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012). Affect, Not ideology. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3), 405–431. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfs038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, J. D., Luu, C., Vigderman, A., Leshikar, E. D., St. Jacques, P. L., & Gutchess, A. (2019). Reduction of the self-reference effect in younger and older adults. Psychology & Neuroscience, 12(2), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1037/pne0000142
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kadwe, P. P., Sklenar, A. M., Frankenstein, A. N., Levy, P. U., & Leshikar, E. D. (2022). The influence of memory on approach and avoidance decisions: Investigating the role of episodic memory in social decision making. Cognition, 225, 105072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidwell, I. J., & Booth, A. (1977). Social distance and intergenerational relations. The Gerontologist, 17(5), 412–420. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/17.5_Part_1.412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach, R. C., McCurdy, M. P., Trumbo, M. C., Matzen, L. E., & Leshikar, E. D. (2019). Differential age effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on associative memory. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 74(7), 1163–1173. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby003
   Google Scholar
• Leshikar, E. D., Cassidy, B. S., & Gutchess, A. H. (2016). Similarity to the self influences cortical recruitment during impression formation, Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 16, 302–314. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-015-0390-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leshikar, E. D., & Gutchess, A. H. (2015). Similarity to the self affects memory for impressions of others. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 4(1), 20–28. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leshikar, E. D., Leach, R. C., McCurdy, M. P., Trumbo, M. C., Sklenar, A. M., Frankenstein, A. N., & Matzen, L. E. (2017). Transcranial direct current stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during encoding improves recall but not recognition memory. Neuropsychologia, 106, 390–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leshikar, E. D., Park, J. M., & Gutchess, A. H. (2015). Similarity to the self affects memory for impressions of others in younger and older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70(5), 737–742. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbt132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matzen, L. E., Trumbo, M. C., Leach, R. C., & Leshikar, E. D. (2015). Effects of non-invasive brain stimulation on associative memory. Brain Research, 1624, 286–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, R. J., & Skowronski, J. J. (2011). What will Phil do next?. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(2), 321–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.10.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConnell, C., Margalit, Y., Malhotra, N., & Levendusky, M. (2018). The economic consequences of partisanship in a polarized era. American Journal of Political Science, 62(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12330
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCurdy, M. P., Frankenstein, A. N., Sklenar, A. M., Urban Levy, P., & Leshikar, E. D. (2021). Examining the relationship between generation constraint and memory. Memory & Cognition, 49(4), 675–691. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-020-01119-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCurdy, M. P., Leach, R. C., & Leshikar, E. D. (2017). The generation effect revisited: Fewer generation constraints enhances item and context memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 92, 202–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2016.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCurdy, M. P., Leach, R. C., & Leshikar, E. D. (2019). Fewer constraints enhance the generation effect for source memory in younger, but not older adults. Open Psychology, 1(1), 168–184. https://doi.org/10.1515/psych-2018-0012
   Google Scholar
• McCurdy, M. P., & Leshikar, E. D. (In Press). Contextual framework of the generation effect. American Journal of Psychology.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCurdy, M. P., Sklenar, A. M., Frankenstein, A. N., & Leshikar, E. D. (2020a). Fewer generation constraints increase the generation effect for item and source memory through enhanced relational processing. Memory (Hove, England), 28(5), 598–616. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2020.1749283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCurdy, M. P., Viechtbauer, W., Sklenar, A. M., Frankenstein, A. N., & Leshikar, E. D. (2020b). Theories of the generation effect and the impact of generation constraint: A meta-analytic review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 27(6), 1139–1165. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-020-01762-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers, Z. R., McCurdy, M. P., Leach, R. C., Thomas, A. K., & Leshikar, E. D. (2020). Effects of survival processing on item and context memory: Enhanced memory for survival-relevant details. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minear, M., & Park, D. C. (2004). A lifespan database of adult facial stimuli. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 630–633. http://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206543
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murty, V., FeldmanHall, O., Hunter, L. E., Phelps, E. A., & Davachi, L. (2016). Episodic memories predict adaptive value-based decision-making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 145(5), 548–558. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivola, C. Y., & Todorov, A. (2010). Fooled by first impressions? Reexamining the diagnostic value of appearance-based inferences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(2), 315–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oosterhof, N. N., & Todorov, A. (2008). The functional basis of face evaluation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(32), 11087–11092. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805664105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palumbo, L., Ruta, N., & Bertamini, M. (2015). Comparing angular and curved shapes in terms of implicit associations and approach/avoidance responses. PLoS ONE, 10(10), e0140043–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parrillo, V. N., & Donoghue, C. (2005). Updating the Bogardus social distance studies: A new national survey. The Social Science Journal, 42(2), 257–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2005.03.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, S. P., McCurdy, M. P., Frankenstein, A. N., Sklenar, A. M., Urban Levy, P., Szpunar, K. K., & Leshikar, E. D. (2022). The reciprocal relationship between episodic memory and future thinking: How the outcome of predictions is subsequently remembered. Brain and Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2603
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahdra, B., & Ross, M. (2007). Group identification and historical memory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(3), 384–395. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206296103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaper, M. L., Mieth, L., & Bell, R. (2019). Adaptive memory: Source memory is positively associated with adaptive social decision making. Cognition, 186, 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.01.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafranek, R. M. (2021). Political considerations in nonpolitical decisions: A conjoint analysis of roommate choice. Political Behavior, 43(1), 271–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-019-09554-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, J. Y., Brazy, P. C., & Higgins, E. T. (2004). Promoting US or preventing them: Regulatory focus and manifestations of intergroup bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(4), 433–446. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203261888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skitka, L. J., & Bauman, C. W. (2008). Moral conviction and political engagement. Political Psychology, 29(1), 29–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2007.00611.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skitka, L. J., Bauman, C. W., & Sargis, E. G. (2005). Moral conviction: Another contributor to attitude strength or something more? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(6), 895–917. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.6.895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sklenar, A. M., McCurdy, M. P., Frankenstein, A. N., Motyl, M., & Leshikar, E. D. (2021). Person memory mechanism underlying approach and avoidance judgments of social targets. Social Cognition, 39(6), 747–772. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2021.39.6.747
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, T. W., & Dempsey, G. R. (1983). The polls: Ethnic social distance and prejudice. Public Opinion Quarterly, 47(4), 584–600. https://doi.org/10.1086/268819
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storbeck, J. (2013). Negative affect promotes encoding of and memory for details at the expense of the gist: Affect, encoding, and false memories. Cognition & Emotion, 27(5), 800–819. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2012.741060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamir, D. I., & Thornton, M. A. (2018). Modeling the predictive social mind. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(3), 201–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorstenson, C. A., & Pazda, A. D. (2021). Facial coloration influences social approach-avoidance through social perception. Cognition and Emotion, 35(5), 970–985. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2021.1914554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todorov, A. (2008). Evaluating faces on trustworthiness. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1124(1), 208–224. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1440.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todorov, A., Olivola, C. Y., Dotsch, R., & Mende-Siedlecki, P. (2015). Social attributions from faces: Determinants, consequences, accuracy, and functional significance. Annual Review of Psychology, 66(1), 519–545. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todorov, A., Pakrashi, M., & Oosterhof, N. N. (2009). Evaluating faces on trustworthiness after minimal time exposure. Social Cognition, 27(6), 813–833. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2009.27.6.813
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todorov, A., & Uleman, J. S. (2002). Spontaneous trait inferences are bound to actors’ faces: Evidence from a false recognition paradigm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5), 1051–1065. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todorov, A., & Uleman, J. S. (2003). The efficiency of binding spontaneous trait inferences to actors’ faces. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(6), 549–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00059-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udeogu, O. J., Frankenstein, A. N., Sklenar, A. M., Urban Levy, P., & Leshikar, E. D. (2022). Predicting and remembering the behaviors of social targets: How prediction accuracy affects episodic memory. BMC Psychology, 10(96), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00801-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uleman, J. S. (1988). Trait and gist inference norms for over 300 potential trait-implying sentences. Unpublished Raw Data.
   Google Scholar
• Villaseñor, J. J., Sklenar, A. M., Frankenstein, A. N., Urban Levy, P., McCurdy, M. P., & Leshikar, E. D. (2021). Value-directed memory effects on item and context memory. Memory & Cognition. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-021-01153-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waytz, A., Young, L. L., & Ginges, J. (2014). Motive attribution asymmetry for love vs. hate drives intractable conflict. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(44), 15687–15692. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1414146111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, C. N. (2008). Social distance as a measure of prejudice among ethnic groups in the United States. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38(3), 779–795. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00326.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wentura, D., Rothermund, K., & Bak, P. (2000). Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of approach- and avoidance-related social information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(6), 1024–1037. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis, J., & Todorov, A. T. (2006). First impressions. Psychological Science, 17(7), 592–598. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01750.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wing, E. A., Iyengar, V., Hess, T. M., LaBar, K. S., Huettel, S. A., & Cabeza, R. (2018). Neural mechanisms underlying subsequent memory for personal beliefs: An fMRI study. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 18, 216–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter, L., & Uleman, J. S. (1984). When are social judgments made? Evidence for the spontaneousness of trait inferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(2), 237–252. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.47.2.237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff, N., Kemter, K., Schweinberger, S. R., & Wiese, H. (2014). What drives social in-group biases in face recognition memory? ERP evidence from the own-gender bias. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 580–590. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, S., Irish, M., Leshikar, E. D., Duarte, A., Bertoux, G. S., Hodges, J. R., Piquet, O., & Hornberger, M. (2017). The self-reference effect in dementia: Differential involvement of cortical midline structures in Alzheimer’s disease and behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia. Cortex, 91, 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.09.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamboni, G., Gozzi, M., Krueger, F., Duhamel, J.-R., Sirigu, A., & Grafman, J. (2009). Individualism, conservatism, and radicalism as criteria for processing political beliefs: A parametric fMRI study. Social Neuroscience, 4(5), 367–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470910902860308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zengel, B., Skowronski, J. J., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2021). Mnemic neglect for behaviors enacted by members of one’s nationality group. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(7), 1286–1293. https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506211021245
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar