A neurocognitive account of attentional control theory: how does trait anxiety affect the brain’s attentional networks?

References

• Anokhin, A. P., Golosheykin, S., & Heath, A. C. (2008). Heritability of frontal brain function related to action monitoring. Psychophysiology, 45(4), 524–534. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00664.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansari, T. L., & Derakshan, N. (2011). The neural correlates of impaired inhibitory control in anxiety. Neuropsychologia, 49(5), 1146–1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.01.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, T., Zald, D. H., & Olatunji, B. O. (2011). Attentional control in OCD and GAD: Specificity and associations with core cognitive symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(11), 756–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banica, I., Sandre, A., Shields, G. S., Slavich, G. M., & Weinberg, A. (2020). The error-related negativity (ERN) moderates the association between interpersonal stress and anxiety symptoms six months later. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 153, 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker, H., Munro, J., Orlov, N., Morgenroth, E., Moser, J., Eysenck, M. W., & Allen, P. (2018). Worry is associated with inefficient functional activity and connectivity in prefrontal and cingulate cortices during emotional interference. Brain and Behavior, 8(12), e01137. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basten, U., Stelzel, C., & Fiebach, C. J. (2011). Trait anxiety modulates the neural efficiency of inhibitory control. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(10), 3132–3145. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basten, U., Stelzel, C., & Fiebach, C. J. (2012). Trait anxiety and the neural efficiency of manipulation in working memory. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 12(3), 571–588. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-012-0100-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter, A. J., Vos, T., Scott, K. M., Ferrari, A. J., & Whiteford, H. A. (2014). The global burden of anxiety disorders in 2010. Psychological Medicine, 44(11), 2363–2374. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713003243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berggren, N., & Derakshan, N. (2013). Attentional control deficits in trait anxiety: Why you see them and why you don't. Biological Psychology, 92(3), 440–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berggren, N., Richards, A., Taylor, J., & Derakshan, N. (2013). Affective attention under cognitive load: Reduced emotional biases but emergent anxiety-related costs to inhibitory control. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 188. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop, S., Duncan, J., Brett, M., & Lawrence, A. D. (2004). Prefrontal cortical function and anxiety: Controlling attention to threat-related stimuli. Nature Neuroscience, 7(2), 184–188. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop, S. J. (2009). Trait anxiety and impoverished prefrontal control of attention. Nature Neuroscience, 12(1), 92–98. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, R. W., & Peker, M. (2017). State anxiety impairs attentional control when other sources of control are minimal. Cognition and Emotion, 31(5), 1004–1011. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2016.1172474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borkovec, T. D., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T., & DePree, J. A. (1983). Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(83)90121-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borkovec, T. D., & Ruscio, A. M. (2001). Psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62(Suppl 11), 37–42; discussion 43–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychological Review, 108(3), 624–652. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braver, T. S. (2012). The variable nature of cognitive control: A dual mechanisms framework. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(2), 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, C. S., & van Veen, V. (2007). Anterior cingulate cortex and conflict detection: An update of theory and data. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(4), 367–379. https://doi.org/10.3758/cabn.7.4.367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavanagh, J. F., & Frank, M. J. (2014). Frontal theta as a mechanism for cognitive control. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(8), 414–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.04.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavanagh, J. F., Meyer, A., & Hajcak, G. (2017). Error-Specific cognitive control alterations in generalized anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 2(5), 413–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.01.004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cavanagh, J. F., & Shackman, A. J. (2015). Frontal midline theta reflects anxiety and cognitive control: Meta-analytic evidence. Journal of Physiology-Paris, 109(1–3), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.04.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chrysikou, E. G., Weber, M. J., & Thompson-Schill, S. L. (2014). A matched filter hypothesis for cognitive control. Neuropsychologia, 62, 341–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.10.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cieslik, E. C., Mueller, V. I., Eickhoff, C. R., Langner, R., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2015). Three key regions for supervisory attentional control: Evidence from neuroimaging meta-analyses. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 48, 22–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clancy, K. J., Baisley, S. K., Albizu, A., Kartvelishvili, N., Ding, M., & Li, W. (2018). Lasting connectivity increase and anxiety reduction via transcranial alternating current stimulation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 13(12), 1305–1316. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsy096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comte, M., Cancel, A., Coull, J. T., Schön, D., Reynaud, E., Boukezzi, S., & Fakra, E. (2015). Effect of trait anxiety on prefrontal control mechanisms during emotional conflict. Human Brain Mapping, 36(6), 2207–2214. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2002). Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(3), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covin, R., Ouimet, A. J., Seeds, P. M., & Dozois, D. J. (2008). A meta-analysis of CBT for pathological worry among clients with GAD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(1), 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derakshan, N., Ansari, T. L., Hansard, M., Shoker, L., & Eysenck, M. W. (2009). Anxiety, inhibition, efficiency, and effectiveness. Experimental Psychology, 56(1), 48–55. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.56.1.48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derakshan, N., Smyth, S., & Eysenck, M. W. (2009). Effects of state anxiety on performance using a task-switching paradigm: An investigation of attentional control theory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(6), 1112–1117. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.16.6.1112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dosenbach, N. U. F., Fair, D. A., Cohen, A. L., Schlaggar, B. L., & Petersen, S. E. (2008). A dual-networks architecture of top-down control. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(3), 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dosenbach, N. U. F., Visscher, K. M., Palmer, E. D., Miezin, F. M., Wenger, K. K., Kang, H. C., Burgund, E. D., Grimes, A. L., Schlaggar, B. L., & Petersen, S. E. (2006). A core system for the implementation of task sets. Neuron, 50(5), 799–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.04.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dosenbach Nico, U. F., Fair Damien, A., Miezin Francis, M., Cohen Alexander, L., Wenger Kristin, K., Dosenbach Ronny, A. T., … Petersen Steven, E. (2007). Distinct brain networks for adaptive and stable task control in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(26), 11073–11078. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704320104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., & Satpute, A. B. (2005). Personality from a controlled processing perspective: An fMRI study of neuroticism, extraversion, and self-consciousness. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 5(2), 169–181. https://doi.org/10.3758/cabn.5.2.169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endler, N. S., & Kocovski, N. L. (2001). State and trait anxiety revisited. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 15(3), 231–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(01)00060-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engels, A. S., Heller, W., Mohanty, A., Herrington, J. D., Banich, M. T., Webb, A. G., & Miller, G. A. (2007). Specificity of regional brain activity in anxiety types during emotion processing. Psychophysiology, 44(3), 352–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00518.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck, M. W., & Calvo, M. G. (1992). Anxiety and performance: The processing efficiency theory. Cognition & Emotion, 6(6), 409–434. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939208409696
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck, M. W., & Derakshan, N. (2011). New perspectives in attentional control theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(7), 955–960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.08.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7(2), 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fales, C. L., Barch, D. M., Burgess, G. C., Schaefer, A., Mennin, D. S., Gray, J. R., & Braver, T. S. (2008). Anxiety and cognitive efficiency: Differential modulation of transient and sustained neural activity during a working memory task. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 8(3), 239–253. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.8.3.239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forster, S., Nunez Elizalde, A. O., Castle, E., & Bishop, S. J. (2015). Unraveling the anxious mind: Anxiety, worry, and frontal engagement in sustained attention versus Off-task processing. Cerebral Cortex, 25(3), 609–618. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bht248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, K. C., Spreng, R. N., Ellamil, M., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., & Christoff, K. (2015). The wandering brain: Meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of mind-wandering and related spontaneous thought processes. Neuroimage, 111, 611–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, M. D., Snyder, A. Z., Vincent, J. L., Corbetta, M., Van Essen, D. C., & Raichle, M. E. (2005). The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(27), 9673–9678. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0504136102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaspar, J. M., & McDonald, J. J. (2018). High level of trait anxiety leads to salience-driven distraction and compensation. Psychological Science, 956797618807166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618807166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gehring, W. J., Liu, Y., Orr, J. M., & Carp, J. (2012). The error-related negativity (ERN/Ne). In S. J. Luck, & E. Kappenman (Eds.), Oxford handbook of event-related potential components. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gentili, C., Vanello, N., Cristea, I., David, D., Ricciardi, E., & Pietrini, P. (2015). Proneness to social anxiety modulates neural complexity in the absence of exposure: A resting state fMRI study using hurst exponent. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 232(2), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grover, S., Nguyen, J. A., Viswanathan, V., & Reinhart, R. M. G. (2021). High-frequency neuromodulation improves obsessive-compulsive behavior. Nature Medicine, 27(2), 232–238. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-01173-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gusnard, D. A., & Raichle, M. E. (2001). Searching for a baseline: Functional imaging and the resting human brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2(10), 685–694. https://doi.org/10.1038/35094500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadwin, J. A., & Richards, H. J. (2016). Working memory training and CBT reduces anxiety symptoms and attentional biases to threat: A preliminary study. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 47. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanrahan, F., Field, A. P., Jones, F. W., & Davey, G. C. (2013). A meta-analysis of cognitive therapy for worry in generalized anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(1), 120–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heeren, A., Bernstein, E. E., & McNally, R. J. (2018). Deconstructing trait anxiety: A network perspective. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 31(3), 262–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2018.1439263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller, W., Nitschke, J. B., Etienne, M. A., & Miller, G. A. (1997). Patterns of regional brain activity differentiate types of anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106(3), 376–385. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.106.3.376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepsomali, P., Hadwin, J. A., Liversedge, S. P., Degno, F., & Garner, M. (2019). The impact of cognitive load on processing efficiency and performance effectiveness in anxiety: Evidence from event-related potentials and pupillary responses. Experimental Brain Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-018-05466-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepsomali, P., Hadwin, J. A., Liversedge, S. P., & Garner, M. (2017). Pupillometric and saccadic measures of affective and executive processing in anxiety. Biological Psychology, 127, 173–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.05.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch, C. R., Krahé, C., Whyte, J., Bridge, L., Loizou, S., Norton, S., & Mathews, A. (2020). Effects of modifying interpretation bias on transdiagnostic repetitive negative thinking. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 88(3), 226–239. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, S., Labrenz, F., Themann, M., Wascher, E., & Beste, C. (2014). Crosslinking EEG time-frequency decomposition and fMRI in error monitoring. Brain Structure and Function, 219(2), 595–605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-013-0521-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopfinger, J. B., Buonocore, M. H., & Mangun, G. R. (2000). The neural mechanisms of top-down attentional control. Nature Neuroscience, 3(3), 284–291. https://doi.org/10.1038/72999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotton, M., Derakshan, N., & Fox, E. (2018). A randomised controlled trial investigating the benefits of adaptive working memory training for working memory capacity and attentional control in high worriers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 100, 67–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2017.10.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh, M. T., Lu, H., Lin, C. I., Sun, T. H., Chen, Y. R., & Cheng, C. H. (2021). Effects of trait anxiety on error processing and post-error adjustments: An event-related potential study With stop-signal task. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, 650838. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.650838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugdahl, K., Kazimierczak, K., Beresniewicz, J., Kompus, K., Westerhausen, R., Ersland, L., … Specht, K. (2019). Dynamic up- and down-regulation of the default (DMN) and extrinsic (EMN) mode networks during alternating task-on and task-off periods. PLoS One, 14(9), e0218358. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansma, J. M., Ramsey, N. F., Slagter, H. A., & Kahn, R. S. (2001). Functional anatomical correlates of controlled and automatic processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13(6), 730–743. https://doi.org/10.1162/08989290152541403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong, H. J., & Cho, Y. S. (2021). The effects of induced and trait anxiety on the sequential modulation of emotional conflict. Psychological Research, 85(2), 618–633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-020-01289-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karch, S., Jäger, L., Karamatskos, E., Graz, C., Stammel, A., Flatz, W., … Mulert, C. (2008). Influence of trait anxiety on inhibitory control in alcohol-dependent patients: Simultaneous acquisition of ERPs and BOLD responses. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42(9), 734–745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.07.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klink, K., Paßmann, S., Kasten, F. H., & Peter, J. (2020). The modulation of cognitive performance with transcranial alternating current stimulation: A systematic review of frequency-specific effects. Brain Sciences, 10(12), https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10120932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, M. J., Clawson, A., Clayson, P. E., & Baldwin, S. A. (2013). Cognitive conflict adaptation in generalized anxiety disorder. Biological Psychology, 94(2), 408–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leigh, E., & Hirsch, C. R. (2011). Worry in imagery and verbal form: Effect on residual working memory capacity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(2), 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, L., Wu, J., Geng, H., Liu, C., Luo, Y., Luo, J., & Qin, S. (2021). Long-Term stress and trait anxiety affect brain network balance in dynamic cognitive computations. Cerebral Cortex, https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab393
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotfi, S., Ward, R. T., Ayazi, M., Bennett, K. P., Larson, C. L., & Lee, H.-J. (2021). The effects of emotional working memory training on worry symptoms and error-related negativity of individuals with high trait anxiety: A randomized controlled study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 45(5), 969–985. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10164-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukasik, K. M., Waris, O., Soveri, A., Lehtonen, M., & Laine, M. (2019). The relationship of anxiety and stress With working memory performance in a large Non-depressed sample. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 4–4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makovac, E., Fagioli, S., Rae, C. L., Critchley, H. D., & Ottaviani, C. (2020). Can't get it off my brain: Meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies on perseverative cognition. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 295, 111020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.111020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maresh, E. L., Allen, J. P., & Coan, J. A. (2014). Increased default mode network activity in socially anxious individuals during reward processing. Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders, 4(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-5380-4-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meyer, A. (2017). A biomarker of anxiety in children and adolescents: A review focusing on the error-related negativity (ERN) and anxiety across development. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 27, 58–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2017.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, A., Nelson, B., Perlman, G., Klein, D. N., & Kotov, R. (2018). A neural biomarker, the error-related negativity, predicts the first onset of generalized anxiety disorder in a large sample of adolescent females. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(11), 1162–1170. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran, T. P., Bernat, E. M., Aviyente, S., Schroder, H. S., & Moser, J. S. (2015). Sending mixed signals: Worry is associated with enhanced initial error processing but reduced call for subsequent cognitive control. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(11), 1548–1556. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsv046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran, T. P., & Moser, J. S. (2015). The color of anxiety: Neurobehavioral evidence for distraction by perceptually salient stimuli in anxiety. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 15(1), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-014-0314-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgenroth, E., Saviola, F., Gilleen, J., Allen, B., Lührs, M., Eysenck, M. W., & Allen, P. (2020). Using connectivity-based real-time fMRI neurofeedback to modulate attentional and resting state networks in people with high trait anxiety. NeuroImage: Clinical, 25, 102191–102191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moser, J. S. (2017). The Nature of the Relationship between Anxiety and the Error-Related Negativity across Development. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep, 4(4), 309–321.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moser, J. S., Becker, M. W., & Moran, T. P. (2012). Enhanced attentional capture in trait anxiety. Emotion, 12(2), 213–216. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moser, J. S., Hartwig, R., Moran, T. P., Jendrusina, A. A., & Kross, E. (2014). Neural markers of positive reappraisal and their associations with trait reappraisal and worry. J Abnorm Psychol, 123(1), 91–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moser, J. S., Moran, T. P., & Leber, A. B. (2015). Manipulating attention to nonemotional distractors influences state anxiety: A proof-of-concept study in Low- and high-anxious college students. Behavior Therapy, 46(6), 834–843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2015.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moser, J. S., Moran, T. P., Schroder, H. S., Donnellan, M. B., & Yeung, N. (2013). On the relationship between anxiety and error monitoring: A meta-analysis and conceptual framework. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 466–466. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neo, P. S., Thurlow, J. K., & McNaughton, N. (2011). Stopping, goal-conflict, trait anxiety and frontal rhythmic power in the stop-signal task. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 11(4), 485–493. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-011-0046-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitschke, J. B., Heller, W., Imig, J. C., McDonald, R. P., & Miller, G. A. (2001). Distinguishing dimensions of anxiety and depression. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026485530405
   Google Scholar
• Northoff, G. (2020). Anxiety disorders and the brain’s resting state networks: From altered spatiotemporal synchronization to psychopathological symptoms. In Y.-K. Kim (Ed.), Anxiety disorders: Rethinking and understanding recent discoveries (pp. 71–90). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_5
   Google Scholar
• Olvet, D. M., & Hajcak, G. (2008). The error-related negativity (ERN) and psychopathology: Toward an endophenotype. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(8), 1343–1354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2008.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osinsky, R., Alexander, N., Gebhardt, H., & Hennig, J. (2010). Trait anxiety and dynamic adjustments in conflict processing. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 10(3), 372–381. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.10.3.372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osinsky, R., Gebhardt, H., Alexander, N., & Hennig, J. (2012). Trait anxiety and the dynamics of attentional control. Biological Psychology, 89(1), 252–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.10.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osinsky, R., Karl, C., & Hewig, J. (2017). Dispositional anxiety and frontal-midline theta: On the modulatory influence of Sex and situational threat. Journal of Personality, 85(3), 300–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens, M., Derakshan, N., & Richards, A. (2015). Trait susceptibility to worry modulates the effects of cognitive load on cognitive control: An ERP study. Emotion, 15(5), 544–549. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulus, M. P., Feinstein, J. S., Simmons, A., & Stein, M. B. (2004). Anterior cingulate activation in high trait anxious subjects is related to altered error processing during decision making. Biological Psychiatry, 55(12), 1179–1187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.02.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poldrack, R. A. (2015). Is “efficiency” a useful concept in cognitive neuroscience? Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 11, 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2014.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poldrack, R. A., Sabb, F. W., Foerde, K., Tom, S. M., Asarnow, R. F., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Knowlton, B. J. (2005). The neural correlates of motor skill automaticity. Journal of Neuroscience, 25(22), 5356. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3880-04.2005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raichle, M. E. (2015). The restless brain: How intrinsic activity organizes brain function. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370(1668), 20140172. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001). A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(2), 676–682. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.98.2.676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remes, O., Brayne, C., van der Linde, R., & Lafortune, L. (2016). A systematic review of reviews on the prevalence of anxiety disorders in adult populations. Brain and Behavior, 6(7), e00497. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Righi, S., Mecacci, L., & Viggiano, M. P. (2009). Anxiety, cognitive self-evaluation and performance: ERP correlates. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(8), 1132–1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robison, M. K., Gath, K. I., & Unsworth, N. (2017). The neurotic wandering mind: An individual differences investigation of neuroticism, mind-wandering, and executive control. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(4), 649–663. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1145706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagalakova, O. A., Truevtsev, D. V., & Zhirnova, O. V. (2021). Error-related negativity: Neurocognitive transdiagnostic marker of anxiety disorders. Neurology Bulletin, LIII(1), 80–83. https://doi.org/10.17816/nb58800
   Google Scholar
• Sandi, C., & Richter-Levin, G. (2009). From high anxiety trait to depression: A neurocognitive hypothesis. Trends in Neurosciences, 32(6), 312–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2009.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, R., Wall, M. B., & Eysenck, M. W. (2006). Anxiety and processing efficiency: fMRI evidence.
   Google Scholar
• Sari, B. A., Koster, E. H., Pourtois, G., & Derakshan, N. (2016). Training working memory to improve attentional control in anxiety: A proof-of-principle study using behavioral and electrophysiological measures. Biological Psychology, 121(Pt B), 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.09.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savostyanov, A. N., Tsai, A. C., Liou, M., Levin, E. A., Lee, J., Yurganov, A. V., & Knyazev, G. G. (2009). EEG-correlates of trait anxiety in the stop-signal paradigm. Neuroscience Letters, 449(2), 112–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2008.10.084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, B., Kanis, H., Holroyd, C. B., Miltner, W. H. R., & Hewig, J. (2018). Anxious gambling: Anxiety is associated with higher frontal midline theta predicting less risky decisions. Psychophysiology, 55(10), e13210. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroder, H. S., Glazer, J. E., Bennett, K. P., Moran, T. P., & Moser, J. S. (2017). Suppression of error-preceding brain activity explains exaggerated error monitoring in females with worry. Biological Psychology, 122, 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.03.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeley, W. W., Menon, V., Schatzberg, A. F., Keller, J., Glover, G. H., Kenna, H., … Greicius, M. D. (2007). Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(9), 2349. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5587-06.2007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sehlmeyer, C., Konrad, C., Zwitserlood, P., Arolt, V., Falkenstein, M., & Beste, C. (2010). ERP indices for response inhibition are related to anxiety-related personality traits. Neuropsychologia, 48(9), 2488–2495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.04.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Servaas, M. N., Geerligs, L., Renken, R. J., Marsman, J. B., Ormel, J., Riese, H., & Aleman, A. (2015). Connectomics and neuroticism: An altered functional network organization. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40(2), 296–304. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Servaas, M. N., Riese, H., Ormel, J., & Aleman, A. (2014). The neural correlates of worry in association with individual differences in neuroticism. Human Brain Mapping, 35(9), 4303–4315. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, X., & Wu, J. (2020). Chronic stress and anticipatory event-related potentials: The moderating role of resilience. Stress, 23(5), 607–613. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2020.1766019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirer, W. R., Ryali, S., Rykhlevskaia, E., Menon, V., & Greicius, M. D. (2012). Decoding subject-driven cognitive states with whole-brain connectivity patterns. Cerebral Cortex, 22(1), 158–165. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silton, R. L., Heller, W., Engels, A. S., Towers, D. N., Spielberg, J. M., Edgar, J. C., … Miller, G. A. (2011). Depression and anxious apprehension distinguish frontocingulate cortical activity during top-down attentional control. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(2), 272–285. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silton, R. L., Heller, W., Towers, D. N., Engels, A. S., Spielberg, J. M., Edgar, J. C., … Miller, G. A. (2010). The time course of activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex during top-down attentional control. Neuroimage, 50(3), 1292–1302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberg, J. M., De Leon, A. A., Bredemeier, K., Heller, W., Engels, A. S., Warren, S. L., … Miller, G. A. (2013). Anxiety type modulates immediate versus delayed engagement of attention-related brain regions. Brain and Behavior, 3(5), 532–551. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanopoulou, E., Hirsch, C. R., Hayes, S., Adlam, A., & Coker, S. (2014). Are attentional control resources reduced by worry in generalized anxiety disorder? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123(2), 330–335. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinfurth, E. C. K., Alius, M. G., Wendt, J., & Hamm, A. O. (2017). Physiological and neural correlates of worry and rumination: Support for the contrast avoidance model of worry. Psychophysiology, 54(2), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suárez-Pellicioni, M., Núñez-Peña, M. I., & Colomé, À. (2014). Reactive recruitment of attentional control in math anxiety: An ERP study of numeric conflict monitoring and adaptation. PloS One, 9(6), e99579–e99579. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sylvester, C. M., Corbetta, M., Raichle, M. E., Rodebaugh, T. L., Schlaggar, B. L., Sheline, Y. I., … Lenze, E. J. (2012). Functional network dysfunction in anxiety and anxiety disorders. Trends in Neurosciences, 35(9), 527–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2012.04.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, Y. C., Lu, H. J., Chang, C. F., Liang, W. K., Muggleton, N. G., & Juan, C. H. (2017). Electrophysiological and behavioral evidence reveals the effects of trait anxiety on contingent attentional capture. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 17(5), 973–983. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-017-0526-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber-Goericke, F., & Muehlhan, M. (2019). A quantitative meta-analysis of fMRI studies investigating emotional processing in excessive worriers: Application of activation likelihood estimation analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 243, 348–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman, D. H., Roberts, K. C., Visscher, K. M., & Woldorff, M. G. (2006). The neural bases of momentary lapses in attention. Nature Neuroscience, 9(7), 971–978. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheaton, M. G., Fitzgerald, D. A., Phan, K. L., & Klumpp, H. (2014). Perceptual load modulates anterior cingulate cortex response to threat distractors in generalized social anxiety disorder. Biological Psychology, 101, 13–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittchen, H. U., Jacobi, F., Rehm, J., Gustavsson, A., Svensson, M., Jönsson, B., … Steinhausen, H. C. (2011). The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 21(9), 655–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, C. A., Dobson, K. S., & Sears, C. R. (2014). Does a high working memory capacity attenuate the negative impact of trait anxiety on attentional control? Evidence from the antisaccade task. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 26(4), 400–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2014.901331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, L., Mo, L., Wang, J., Zhang, W., & Zhang, D. (2020). Trait anxiety attenuates response inhibition: Evidence from an ERP study using the Go/NoGo task. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 14(28).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, L., & Li, X.-B. (2014). Anxiety alters brain activity of response inhibition: Evidence from event-related potentials and source current density analysis. 160–163. https://doi.org/10.1109/icist.2014.6920355
   Google Scholar
• Yu, Y., Jiang, C., Xu, H., Yang, Q., Li, J., Xu, Y., Xiang, W., Peng, L., Liu, B., Lv, F., & Li, M. (2018). Impaired cognitive control of emotional conflict in trait anxiety: A preliminary study based on clinical and Non-clinical individuals. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9(120).
   Google Scholar
• Zanto, T. P., & Gazzaley, A. (2013). Fronto-parietal network: Flexible hub of cognitive control. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(12), 602–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, X., Dang, C., & Maes, J. H. R. (2020). Effects of working memory training on EEG, cognitive performance, and self-report indices potentially relevant for social anxiety. Biological Psychology, 150, 107840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, H.-X., Chen, X., Shen, Y.-Q., Li, L., Chen, N.-X., Zhu, Z.-C., … Yan, C.-G. (2020). Rumination and the default mode network: Meta-analysis of brain imaging studies and implications for depression. NeuroImage, 206, 116287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar