A differentiated look at emotions: association between gaze behaviour during the processing of affective videos and emotional granularity

References

• Blechert, J., Schwitalla, M., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2013). Ein Video-Set zur experimentellen Untersuchung von Emotionen bei sozialen Interaktionen: Validierung und erste Daten zu neuronalen Effekten. Zeitschrift Für Psychiatrie, Psychologie Und Psychotherapie, 61(2), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1024/1661-4747/a000145
   Google Scholar
• Boden, M. T., Thompson, R. J., Dizén, M., Berenbaum, H., & Baker, J. P. (2013). Are emotional clarity and emotion differentiation related? Cognition & Emotion, 27(6), 961–978. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2012.751899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, B. A., Goodman, F. R., Disabato, D. J., Kashdan, T. B., Armeli, S., & Tennen, H. (2021). Does negative emotion differentiation influence how people choose to regulate their distress after stressful events? A four-year daily diary study. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 21(5), 1000–1012. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bynion, T.-M., & Feldner, M. T. (2017). Self-assessment manikin. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences (Vol. 25, pp. 1–3). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_77-1
   Google Scholar
• Dejonckheere, E., Mestdagh, M., Houben, M., Rutten, I., Sels, L., Kuppens, P., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2019). Complex affect dynamics add limited information to the prediction of psychological well-being. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(5), 478–491. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0555-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demiralp, E., Thompson, R. J., Mata, J., Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Barrett, L. F., Ellsworth, P. C., Demiralp, M., Hernandez-Garcia, L., Deldin, P. J., Gotlib, I. H., & Jonides, J. (2012). Feeling blue or turquoise? Emotional differentiation in major depressive disorder. Psychological Science, 23(11), 1410–1416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612444903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erbas, Y., Ceulemans, E., Blanke, E. S., Sels, L., Fischer, A., & Kuppens, P. (2019). Emotion differentiation dissected: Between-category, within-category, and integral emotion differentiation, and their relation to well-being. Cognition & Emotion, 33(2), 258–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2018.1465894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erbas, Y., Ceulemans, E., Koval, P., & Kuppens, P. (2015). The role of valence focus and appraisal overlap in emotion differentiation. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 15(3), 373–382. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erbas, Y., Ceulemans, E., Lee Pe, M., Koval, P., & Kuppens, P. (2014). Negative emotion differentiation: Its personality and well-being correlates and a comparison of different assessment methods. Cognition & Emotion, 28(7), 1196–1213. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.875890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gremsl, A., Schwab, D., Höfler, C., & Schienle, A. (2018). Placebo effects in spider phobia: An eye-tracking experiment. Cognition & Emotion, 32(8), 1571–1577. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2017.1422698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, S-M, & Shaver, P. R. (2004). Individual differences in emotional complexity: Their psychological implications. Journal of Personality, 72(4), 687–726. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00277.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koole, S. L. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Cognition & Emotion, 23(1), 4–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930802619031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuder, G. F., & Richardson, M. W. (1937). The theory of the estimation of test reliability. Psychometrika, 153–160.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J. Y., Lindquist, K. A., & Nam, C. S. (2017). Emotional granularity effects on event-related brain potentials during affective picture processing. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 133. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehrl, S., Triebig, G., & Fischer, B. (1995). Multiple choice vocabulary test MWT as a valid and short test to estimate premorbid intelligence. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 91(5), 335–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1995.tb07018.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, M., Webb, T. L., Shafir, R., Snow, M., & Sheppes, G. (2021). Identifying the determinants of emotion regulation choice: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Cognition & Emotion, 35(6), 1056–1084. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2021.1945538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Toole, M. S., Renna, M. E., Elkjær, E., Mikkelsen, M. B., & Mennin, D. S. (2020). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between complexity of emotion experience and behavioral adaptation. Emotion Review, 12(1), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073919876019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ottenstein, C. (2020). Emotion regulation effectiveness accounts for the associations of self-reported emotion differentiation with well-being and depression. Cognition & Emotion, 34(5), 994–1002. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1691506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ottenstein, C., & Lischetzke, T. (2020). Development of a novel method of emotion differentiation that uses open-ended descriptions of momentary affective states. Assessment, 27(8), 1928–1945. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191119839138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quigley, L., Nelson, A. L., Carriere, J., Smilek, D., & Purdon, C. (2012). The effects of trait and state anxiety on attention to emotional images: An eye-tracking study. Cognition & Emotion, 26(8), 1390–1411. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2012.662892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schofield, C. A., Johnson, A. L., Inhoff, A. W., & Coles, M. E. (2012). Social anxiety and difficulty disengaging threat: Evidence from eye-tracking. Cognition & Emotion, 26(2), 300–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2011.602050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schönbrodt, F. D., & Perugini, M. (2013). At what sample size do correlations stabilize? Journal of Research in Personality, 47(5), 609–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2013.05.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seah, T. H. S., & Coifman, K. G. (2022). Emotion differentiation and behavioral dysregulation in clinical and nonclinical samples: A meta-analysis. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 22(7), 1686–1697. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tombaugh, T. (1999). Normative data stratified by age and education for two measures of verbal fluency FAS and animal naming. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14(2), 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6177(97)00095-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tugade, M. M., Fredrickson, B. L., & Barrett, L. F. (2004). Psychological resilience and positive emotional granularity: Examining the benefits of positive emotions on coping and health. Journal of Personality, 72(6), 1161–1190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00294.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiggert, N., Wilhelm, F. H., Reichenberger, J., & Blechert, J. (2015). Exposure to social-evaluative video clips: Neural, facial-muscular, and experiential responses and the role of social anxiety. Biological Psychology, 110, 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates, A., Ashwin, C., & Fox, E. (2010). Does emotion processing require attention? The effects of fear conditioning and perceptual load. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 10(6), 822–830. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar