367
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Duration of face mask exposure matters: evidence from Swiss and Brazilian kindergartners’ ability to recognise emotions

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Received 10 Mar 2023, Accepted 09 Mar 2024, Published online: 05 Apr 2024

References

  • Alboukadel Kassambara. (2021). rstatix: Pipe-Friendly framework for basic statistical tests. R package (Version 0.7.0). https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rstatix
  • Anwyl-Irvine, A. L., Massonnié, J., Flitton, A., Kirkham, N., & Evershed, J. K. (2020). Gorilla in our midst: An online behavioral experiment builder. Behavior Research Methods, 52(1), 388–407. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01237-x
  • Barrick, E. M., Thornton, M. A., & Tamir, D. (2020). Mask exposure during COVID-19 changes emotional face processing [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yjfg3
  • Boucher, J. D., & Ekman, P. (1975). Facial areas and emotional information. Journal of Communication, 25(2), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1975.tb00577.x
  • Calbi, M., Langiulli, N., Ferroni, F., Montalti, M., Kolesnikov, A., Gallese, V., & Umiltà, M. A. (2021). The consequences of COVID-19 on social interactions: An online study on face covering. Scientific Reports, 11(1), Art. 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81780-w
  • Carbon, C.-C. (2020). Wearing face masks strongly confuses counterparts in reading emotions. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 566886. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566886
  • Carbon, C.-C., Held, M. J., & Schütz, A. (2022). Reading emotions in faces with and without masks is relatively independent of extended exposure and individual difference variables. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 856971. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.856971
  • Carbon, C.-C., & Serrano, M. (2021). The impact of face masks on the emotional reading abilities of children—a lesson from a joint school–university project. I-Perception, 12(4), 204166952110382. https://doi.org/10.1177/20416695211038265
  • De Souza, L., Bertoux, M., De Faria, Â., Corgosinho, L., Prado, A., Barbosa, I., Caramelli, P., Colosimo, E., & Teixeira, A. (2018). The effects of gender, age, schooling, and cultural background on the identification of facial emotions: A transcultural study. International Psychogeriatrics, 30(12), 1861–1870. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610218000443
  • Eisenbarth, H., & Alpers, G. W. (2011). Happy mouth and sad eyes: Scanning emotional facial expressions. Emotion, 11(4), 860–865. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022758
  • Gagnon, M., Gosselin, P., & Maassarani, R. (2014). Children’s ability to recognize emotions from partial and complete facial expressions. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 175(5), 416–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2014.941322
  • Galusca, C. I., Clerc, O., Chevallier, M., Bertrand, C., Audeou, F., Pascalis, O., & Fort, M. (2023). The effect of masks on the visual preference for faces in the first year of life. Infancy, 28(1), 92–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12518
  • Gori, M., Schiatti, L., & Amadeo, M. B. (2021). Masking emotions: Face masks impair how we read emotions. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 669432. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.669432
  • Grenville, E., & Dwyer, D. M. (2022). Face masks have emotion-dependent dissociable effects on accuracy and confidence in identifying facial expressions of emotion. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 7(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-022-00366-w
  • Grosbras, M.-H., Ross, P. D., & Belin, P. (2018). Categorical emotion recognition from voice improves during childhood and adolescence. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 14791. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32868-3
  • Guarnera, M., Hichy, Z., Cascio, M. I., & Carrubba, S. (2015). Facial expressions and ability to recognize emotions from eyes or mouth in children. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 11(2), 183–196. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v11i2.890
  • Johnson, C., Ironsmith, M., Snow, C. W., & Poteat, G. M. (1999). Peer acceptance and social adjustment in preschool and kindergarten. Early Childhood Education Journal, 27(4), 207–212. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ECEJ.0000003356.30481.7a
  • Kastendieck, T., Dippel, N., Asbrand, J., & Hess, U. (2023). Influence of child and adult faces with face masks on emotion perception and facial mimicry. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 14848. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40007-w
  • Kestenbaum, R. (1992). Feeling happy versus feeling good: The processing of discrete and global categories of emotional expressions by children and adults. Developmental Psychology, 28(6), 1132–1142. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.28.6.1132
  • Kohler, C. G., Turner, T., Stolar, N. M., Bilker, W. B., Brensinger, C. M., Gur, R. E., & Gur, R. C. (2004). Differences in facial expressions of four universal emotions. Psychiatry Research, 128(3), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2004.07.003
  • Lenth, R. (2022). emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. R package version 1.7. 2.
  • Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A., & Öhman, A. (2015). Karolinska directed emotional faces [data set]. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/t27732-000
  • Marini, M., Ansani, A., Paglieri, F., Caruana, F., & Viola, M. (2021). The impact of facemasks on emotion recognition, trust attribution and re-identification. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 5577. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84806-5
  • Mheidly, N., Fares, M. Y., Zalzale, H., & Fares, J. (2020). Effect of face masks on interpersonal communication during the covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 582191. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.582191
  • Pazhoohi, F., Forby, L., & Kingstone, A. (2021). Facial masks affect emotion recognition in the general population and individuals with autistic traits. PLoS One, 16(9), e0257740. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257740
  • Pollak, S. D., Messner, M., Kistler, D. J., & Cohn, J. F. (2009). Development of perceptual expertise in emotion recognition. Cognition, 110(2), 242–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2008.10.010
  • Proverbio, A. M., & Cerri, A. (2022). The recognition of facial expressions under surgical masks: The primacy of anger. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 16. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389fnins.2022.864490
  • R Core Team. (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing [Computer Software]. https://www.R-project.org/
  • Rinck, M., Primbs, M. A., Verpaalen, I. A. M., & Bijlstra, G. (2022). Face masks impair facial emotion recognition and induce specific emotion confusions. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 7(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-022-00430-5
  • Roberson, D., Kikutani, M., Döge, P., Whitaker, L., & Majid, A. (2012). Shades of emotion: What the addition of sunglasses or masks to faces reveals about the development of facial expression processing. Cognition, 125(2), 195–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.06.018
  • Ruba, A. L., & Pollak, S. D. (2020). Children’s emotion inferences from masked faces: Implications for social interactions during COVID-19. PLoS One, 15, e0243708. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243708
  • Tingley, D., Yamamoto, T., Hirose, K., Keele, L., & Imai, K. (2014). Mediation: R package for causal mediation analysis. Journal of Statistical Software, 59(5), 1–38. http://www.jstatsoft.org/v59/i05/
  • Tsantani, M., Podgajecka, V., Gray, K. L. H., & Cook, R. (2022). How does the presence of a surgical face mask impair the perceived intensity of facial emotions? PLoS One, 17(1), e0262344. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262344
  • Wegrzyn, M., Vogt, M., Kireclioglu, B., Schneider, J., & Kissler, J. (2017). Mapping the emotional face. How individual face parts contribute to successful emotion recognition. PLoS One, 12(5), e0177239. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177239
  • Wermelinger, S., Moersdorf, L., Ammann, S., & Daum, M. M. (2022). Exploring the role of COVID-19 pandemic-related changes in social interactions on preschoolers’ emotion labeling. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 942535. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.942535
  • Wermelinger, S., Moersdorf, L., & Daum, M. M. (2022). How experience shapes infants’ communicative behaviour: Comparing gaze following in infants with and without pandemic experience. Infancy, 27(5), 937–962. https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12488
  • Widen, S. C. (2013). Children’s interpretation of facial expressions: The long path from valence-based to specific discrete categories. Emotion Review, 5(1), 72–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073912451492
  • Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2010). Children’s scripts for social emotions: Causes and consequences are more central than are facial expressions. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 28(3), 565–581. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151009X457550d
  • Yang, Y., & Wang, Q. (2019). Culture in emotional development. Handbook of emotional development. Springer.