Putting a label on someone: impact of schizophrenia stigma on emotional mimicry, liking, and interpersonal closeness

References

• Angermeyer, M. C., & Matschinger, H. (2003). Public beliefs about schizophrenia and depression: Similarities and differences. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38(9), 526–534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-003-0676-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4), 596. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.59
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltrusaitis, T., Zadeh, A., Lim, Y. C., & Morency, L.-P. (2018). Openface 2.0: Facial behavior analysis toolkit. In 2018 13th IEEE international conference on automatic face & gesture recognition (FG 2018) (pp. 59–66). https://doi.org/10.1109/FG.2018.00019
   Google Scholar
• Bourgeois, P., & Hess, U. (2008). The impact of social context on mimicry. Biological Psychology, 77(3), 343–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.11.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burguet, A., & Girard, F. (2023). Stigma of schizophrenia and bipolar disorders: Explicit and implicit measures among mental health professionals. Stigma and Health. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000456
   Google Scholar
• Chartrand, T. L., & Lakin, J. L. (2013). The antecedents and consequences of human behavioral mimicry. Annual Review of Psychology, 64(1), 285–308. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton, M. T., Esterberg, M. L., McGee, R., Kotwicki, R. J., & Oliva, J. R. (2006). Brief reports: Crisis intervention team training: Changes in knowledge, attitudes, and stigma related to schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 57(8), 1199–1202. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2006.57.8.1199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton, M. T., Quintero, L., & Esterberg, M. L. (2007). Assessing knowledge of schizophrenia: Development and psychometric properties of a brief, multiple-choice knowledge test for use across various samples. Psychiatry Research, 151(1-2), 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2006.05.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World Psychiatry, 1(1), 16–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dimberg, U., & Thunberg, M. (1998). Rapid facial reactions to emotional facial expressions. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 39(1), 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1978). Facial action coding system. Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• González-Sanguino, C., Muñoz, M., Castellanos, M. A., Pérez-Santos, E., & Orihuela-Villameriel, T. (2019). Study of the relationship between implicit and explicit stigmas associated with mental illness. Psychiatry Research, 272, 663–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2017). The implicit revolution: Reconceiving the relation between conscious and unconscious. American Psychologist, 72(9), 861–871. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A., & Mellott, D. S. (2002). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Psychological Review, 109(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.109.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grose-Fifer, J., & Vidals, D. (2021). Mental health stigma and emotional face processing: An ERP study. Social Neuroscience, 16(5), 573–583. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2021.1973556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasler, B. S., Hirschberger, G., Shani-Sherman, T., & Friedman, D. A. (2014). Virtual peacemakers: Mimicry increases empathy in simulated contact with virtual outgroup members. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(12), 766–771. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess, U., Arslan, R., Mauersberger, H., Blaison, C., Dufner, M., Denissen, J. J. A., & Ziegler, M. (2017). Reliability of surface facial electromyography. Psychophysiology, 54(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess, U., & Fischer, A. (2013). Emotional mimicry as social regulation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17(2), 142–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868312472607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess, U., & Fischer, A. (2014). Emotional mimicry: Why and when we mimic emotions. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(2), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12083
   Google Scholar
• Hess, U., & Fischer, A. (2022). Emotional mimicry as social regulator: Theoretical considerations. Cognition and Emotion, 36(5), 785–793. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2022.2103522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooley, J. M. (2010). Social factors in schizophrenia. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(4), 238–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721410377597
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, C.-T., & Sato, W. (2023). Electromyographic validation of spontaneous facial mimicry detection using automated facial action coding. Sensors, 23(22), Article 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastendieck, T., Dippel, N., Asbrand, J., & Hess, U. (2023). Influence of child and adult faces with face masks on emotion perception and facial mimicry. Scientific Reports, 13(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40007-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastendieck, T., Mauersberger, H., Blaison, C., Ghalib, J., & Hess, U. (2020). Laughing at funerals and frowning at weddings: Top-down influences of context-driven social judgments on emotional mimicry. Acta Psychologica, 212, 103195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastendieck, T., Zillmer, S., & Hess, U. (2021). (Un)mask yourself ! Effects of face masks on facial mimicry and emotion perception during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cognition and Emotion, 36, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2021.1950639
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitchener, B. A., & Jorm, A. F. (2002). Mental health first aid training for the public: Evaluation of effects on knowledge, attitudes and helping behavior. BMC Psychiatry, 2(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-2-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klin, A., & Lemish, D. (2008). Mental disorders stigma in the media: Review of studies on production, content, and influences. Journal of Health Communication, 13(5), 434–449. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730802198813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, H.-I., Shimojo, S., & Yeh, S.-L. (2013). Happy faces are preferred regardless of familiarity—Sad faces are preferred only when familiar. Emotion, 13(3), 391–396. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Likowski, K. U., Mühlberger, A., Seibt, B., Pauli, P., & Weyers, P. (2008). Modulation of facial mimicry by attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(4), 1065–1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2007.10.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., Cullen, F. T., Frank, J., & Wozniak, J. F. (1987). The social rejection of former mental patients: Understanding why labels matter. American Journal of Sociology, 92(6), 1461–1500. https://doi.org/10.1086/228672
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 363–385. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., Phelan, J. C., Bresnahan, M., Stueve, A., & Pescosolido, B. A. (1999). Public conceptions of mental illness: Labels, causes, dangerousness, and social distance. American Journal of Public Health, 89(9), 1328–1333. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.89.9.1328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., Yang, L. H., Phelan, J. C., & Collins, P. Y. (2004). Measuring mental illness stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(3), 511–541. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauersberger, H., & Hess, U. (2019). When smiling back helps and scowling back hurts: Individual differences in emotional mimicry are associated with self-reported interaction quality during conflict interactions. Motivation and Emotion, 43(3), 471–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-018-9743-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauersberger, H., Kastendieck, T., Hetmann, A., Schöll, A., & Hess, U. (2022). The different shades of laughter: When do we laugh and when do we mimic other’s laughter? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 377(1863), 20210188. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntosh, D. N. (2006). Spontaneous facial mimicry, liking and emotional contagion. Emotional Contagion, 37(1), 31–42.
   Google Scholar
• Murata, A., Saito, H., Schug, J., Ogawa, K., & Kameda, T. (2016). Spontaneous facial mimicry is enhanced by the goal of inferring emotional states: Evidence for moderation of “automatic” mimicry by higher cognitive processes. PLoS One, 11(4), e0153128. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olszanowski, M., Lewandowska, P., Ozimek, A., & Frankowska, N. (2022). The effect of facial self-resemblance on emotional mimicry. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 46(2), 197–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-021-00395-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, S., Zhang, L., & Hu, P. (2021). Relating self-other overlap to ingroup bias in emotional mimicry. Social Neuroscience, 16(4), 439–447. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2021.1940273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perciful, M. S., & Meyer, C. (2017). The impact of films on viewer attitudes towards people with schizophrenia. Current Psychology, 36(3), 483–493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9436-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinfold, V., Thornicroft, G., Huxley, P., & Farmer, P. (2005). Active ingredients in anti-stigma programmes in mental health. International Review of Psychiatry, 17(2), 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260500073638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rainteau, N., Salesse, R. N., Macgregor, A., Macioce, V., Raffard, S., & Capdevielle, D. (2020). Why you can’t be in sync with schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Research, 216, 504–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.11.054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rüsch, N., Angermeyer, M. C., & Corrigan, P. W. (2005). Mental illness stigma: Concepts, consequences, and initiatives to reduce stigma. European Psychiatry, 20(8), 529–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachisthal, M. S. M., Sauter, D. A., & Fischer, A. H. (2016). Mimicry of ingroup and outgroup emotional expressions. Comprehensive Results in Social Psychology, 1(1-3), 86–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/23743603.2017.1298355
   Google Scholar
• Salazar Kämpf, M., Liebermann, H., Kerschreiter, R., Krause, S., Nestler, S., & Schmukle, S. C. (2018). Disentangling the sources of mimicry: Social relations analyses of the link between mimicry and liking. Psychological Science, 29(1), 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617727121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons, L., Jones, T., & Bradley, E. (2017). Reducing mental health stigma: The relationship between knowledge and attitude change. European Journal of Mental Health, 12(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.5708/EJMH.12.2017.1.2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stel, M., van Baaren, R. B., & Vonk, R. (2008). Effects of mimicking: Acting prosocially by being emotionally moved. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(6), 965–976. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.472
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thibodeau, R., & Peterson, K. M. (2018). On continuum beliefs and psychiatric stigma: Similarity to a person with schizophrenia can feel too close for comfort. Psychiatry Research, 270, 731–737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thierry, S. M., Twele, A. C., & Mondloch, C. J. (2021). Mandatory first impressions: Happy expressions increase trustworthiness ratings of subsequent neutral images. PERCEPTION, 50(2), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0301006620987205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Schalk, J., Fischer, A., Doosje, B., Wigboldus, D., Hawk, S., Rotteveel, M., & Hess, U. (2011). Convergent and divergent responses to emotional displays of ingroup and outgroup. Emotion, 11(2), 286–298. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Schalk, J., Hawk, S. T., Fischer, A. H., & Doosje, B. (2011). Moving faces, looking places: Validation of the Amsterdam Dynamic Facial Expression Set (ADFES). Emotion, 11(4), 907–920. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Kleef, G. A. (2010). The emerging view of emotion as social information. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(5), 331–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00262.x
   Google Scholar
• Violeau, L., Valery, K.-M., Fournier, T., & Prouteau, A. (2020). How continuum beliefs can reduce stigma of schizophrenia: The role of perceived similarities. Schizophrenia Research, 220, 46–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.04.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl, O. F. (2003). News media portrayal of mental illness—implications for public policy. American Behavioral Scientist, 46(12), 1594–1600. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764203254615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X., Huang, X., Jackson, T., & Chen, R. (2012). Components of implicit stigma against mental illness among Chinese students. PLoS One, 7(9), e46016. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, L., Birtel, M., Alsawy, S., Pyle, M., & Morrison, A. (2014). Public perceptions of stigma towards people with schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety. Psychiatry Research, 220(1-2), 604–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrobel, M., & Imbir, K. (2019). Broadening the perspective on emotional contagion and emotional mimicry: The correction hypothesis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(3), 437–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691618808523
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wróbel, M., Piórkowska, M., Rzeczkowska, M., Troszczyńska, A., Tołopiło, A., & Olszanowski, M. (2021). The “Big Two” and socially induced emotions: Agency and communion jointly influence emotional contagion and emotional mimicry. Motivation and Emotion, 45(5), 683–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-021-09897-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zebrowitz, L. A. (2017). First impressions from faces. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(3), 237–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721416683996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar