Social media misuse explained by emotion dysregulation and self-concept: an ecological momentary assessment approach

References

• Allahverdi, F. Z. (2022). Relationship between perceived social media addiction and social media applications frequency usage among university students. Psychology in the Schools, 59(6), 1075–1087. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22662
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreassen, C. S., Billieux, J., Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., Demetrovics, Z., Mazzoni, E., & Pallesen, S. (2016). The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(2), 252–262. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreassen, C., & Pallesen, S. (2014). CDATA [social network site addiction - An overview]. CDATA[Current Pharmaceutical Design], 20(25), 4053–4061. https://doi.org/10.2174/13816128113199990616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbovschi, M., Balea, B., & Velicu, A. (2018). Peer-Ing in the online mirror: Romanian adolescents’ disclosure and mutual validation in presentations of self on social media. Revista Romana de Sociologie, 29(3/4), 269–286.
   Google Scholar
• Bonnaire, C., Bungener, C., & Varescon, I. (2009). Subtypes of French pathological gamblers: Comparison of sensation seeking, alexithymia and depression scores. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25(4), 455–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-009-9142-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bürkner, P. (2018). Advanced Bayesian multilevel modeling with the R package brms. The R Journal, 10(1), 395–411. https://doi.org/10.32614/RJ-2018-017
   Google Scholar
• Butzer, B., & Kuiper, N. A. (2006). Relationships between the frequency of social comparisons and self-concept clarity, intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety, and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(1), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cambridge Learner's Dictionary 4th Edition. (2021). ISBN: 9781009153386.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, J. D., Trapnell, P. D., Heine, S. J., Katz, I. M., Lavallee, L. F., & Lehman, D. R. (1996). Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(1), 141–156. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.1.141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, P. M., Michel, M. K., & Teti, L. O. (1994). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: A clinical perspective. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 73–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01278.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coyne, S. M., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Howard, E. (2013). Emerging in a digital world. Emerging Adulthood, 1(2), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696813479782
   Google Scholar
• Flay, B. R., & Petraitis, J. (1994). The theory of triadic influence: A new theory of health behaviour with implications for preventive interventions. In G. L. Albrecht (Ed.), Advances in medical sociology (Volume 4, pp. 19–44). JAI Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fortunato, L., Coco, G. L., Teti, A., Bonfanti, R. C., & Salerno, L. (2023). Time spent on mobile apps matters: A latent class analysis of patterns of smartphone use among adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(15), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20156439
   Google Scholar
• Giromini, L., Velotti, P., de Campora, G., Bonalume, L., & Cesare Zavattini, G. (2012). Cultural adaptation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale: Reliability and validity of an Italian version. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(9), 989–1007. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gori, A., & Topino, E. (2023). The association between alexithymia and social media addiction: Exploring the role of dysmorphic symptoms, symptoms interference, and self-esteem, controlling for age and gender. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13010152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, M. (2005). A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10(4), 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659890500114359
   Google Scholar
• Hormes, J. M., Kearns, B., & Timko, C. A. (2014). Craving Facebook? Behavioral addiction to online social networking and its association with emotion regulation deficits. Addiction, 109(12), 2079–2088. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain, Z., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021). The associations between problematic social networking site use and sleep quality, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, anxiety and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(3), 686–700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00175-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain, Z., Wegmann, E., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021). The association between problematic social networking site use, dark triad traits, and emotion dysregulation. BMC Psychology, 9(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00668-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Imperato, C., Mancini, T., & Musetti, A. (2022). Exploring the role of problematic social network site use in the link between reflective functioning and identity processes in adolescents. International Journal of Mental Health Addiction, 21, 3430–3445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00800-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 351–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kırcaburun, K., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). Problematic Instagram use: The role of perceived feeling of presence and escapism. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17(4), 909–921. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9895-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavender, J. M., Tull, M. T., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., & Gratz, K. L. (2017). Development and validation of a state-based measure of emotion dysregulation. Assessment, 24(2), 197–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191115601218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, M. S. M., Kho, J. M., Tang, C. S. K., & Cheung, F. Y. L. (2020). Childhood adversity and behavioural addictions: The mediating role of emotion dysregulation and depression in an adult community sample. Addiction Research & Theory, 28(2), 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2019.1594203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marino, C., Manari, T., Vieno, A., Imperato, C., Spada, M. M., Franceschini, C., & Musetti, A. (2023). Problematic social networking sites use and online social anxiety: The role of attachment, emotion dysregulation and motives. Addictive Behaviors, 138, 107572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeus, W., Iedema, J., Helsen, M., & Vollebergh, W. (1999). Patterns of adolescent identity development: Review of literature and longitudinal analysis. Developmental Review, 19(4), 419–461. https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.1999.0483
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monacis, L., de Palo, V., Griffiths, M. D., & Sinatra, M. (2017). Social networking addiction, attachment style, and validation of the Italian version of the Bergen social media addiction scale. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(2), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musetti, A., Starcevic, V., Boursier, V., Corsano, P., Billieux, J., & Schimmenti, A. (2021). Childhood emotional abuse and problematic social networking sites use in a sample of Italian adolescents: The mediating role of deficiencies in self-other differentiation and uncertain reflective functioning. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(7), 1666–1684. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazlıgül, M. D., Koçyiğit, Ö, & Merdan Yıldız, E. D. (2022). Problematic social media use for mood modification: Its associations with shame, guilt, anger, and difficulties in emotion regulation. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 9(1), 84–93. https://doi.org/10.5152/ADDICTA.2021.21009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niu, G. F., Sun, X. J., Zhou, Z. K., Tian, Y., Liu, Q. Q., & Lian, S. L. (2016). The effect of adolescents’ social networking site use on selfconcept clarity: The mediating role of social comparison. Journal of Psychological Science, 39(1), 97–102.
   Google Scholar
• Pace, C. S., Muzi, S., Calugi, S., & Dalle Grave, R. (2021). Attachment representations and alexithymia in community adolescents with binge-eating attitudes. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 26(2), 689–693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-020-00897-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pace, C. S., Muzi, S., & Rogier, G. (2024). Binge eating, social media disorder and attachment in adolescence: Gender differences in the mediating role of alexithymia. European Review of Applied Psychology, 74(6), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2023.100936
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2021). Social networking fact sheet. Retrieved at https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/social-media/.
   Google Scholar
• Pittman, M. (2015). Creating, consuming, and connecting: Examining the relationship between social media engagement and loneliness. Journal of Social Media Society, 4, 66–149.
   Google Scholar
• Pontes, H. M., Taylor, M., & Stavropoulos, V. (2018). Beyond “Facebook addiction”: The role of cognitive-related factors and psychiatric distress in social networking site addiction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21(4), 240–247. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouwels, J. L., Valkenburg, P. M., Beyens, I., van Driel, I. I., & Keijsers, L. (2021). Some socially poor but also some socially rich adolescents feel closer to their friends after using social media. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99034-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogier, G., Garofalo, C., & Velotti, P. (2019). Is emotional suppression always bad? A matter of flexibility and gender differences. Current Psychology, 38(2), 411–420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9623-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogier, G., & Velotti, P. (2018). Conceptualizing gambling disorder with the process model of emotion regulation. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 239–251. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RStudio Team. (2020). RStudio: Integrated development for R. RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA. http://www.rstudio.com/
   Google Scholar
• Salari, N., Zarei, H., Hosseinian-Far, A., Rasoulpoor, S., Shohaimi, S., Mohammadi, M. (2023). The global prevalence of social media addiction among university students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Public Health (Berl.), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-023-02012-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scalas, F. L. (2013). Contributo alla validazione italiana della self-concept clarity scale. Giornale Italiano Di Psicologia, 3, 615–646. https://doi -org.ezproxy.uniroma1.it/10 .142176218
   Google Scholar
• Schivinski, B., Brzozowska-Woś, M., Stansbury, E., Satel, J., Montag, C., & Pontes, H. M. (2020). Exploring the role of social media use motives, psychological well-being, self-esteem, and affect in problematic social media use. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.617140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S. J., Hardy, S. A., Zamboanga, B. L., Meca, A., Waterman, A. S., Picariello, S., Luyckx, K., Crocetti, E., Kim, S. Y., Brittian, A. S., Roberts, S. E., Whitbourne, S. K., Ritchie, R. A., Brown, E. J., & Forthun, L. F. (2015). Identity in young adulthood: Links with mental health and risky behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 36, 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2014.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, L. A. S., & Margolin, G. (2014). Growing up wired: Social networking sites and adolescent psychosocial development. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 17(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-013-0135-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stets, J., & Burke, P. (2014). Social comparison in identity theory. In Z. Križan, & F. Gibbons (Eds.), Communal functions of social comparison (pp. 39–59). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139035583.004
   Google Scholar
• Terracciano, A., McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2003). Factorial and construct validity of the Italian positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 19(2), 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.19.2.131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2008). Adolescents' identity experiments on the internet. Communication Research, 35(2), 208–231. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650207313164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VandenBos, G. R. (2007). APA dictionary of psychology. American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., Geurts, S. M., Ter Bogt, T. F. M., van der Rijst, V. G., & Koning, I. M. (2021). Social media use and adolescents’ sleep: A longitudinal study on the protective role of parental rules regarding internet use before sleep. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 13–46. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031346
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velotti, P., Rogier, G., Beomonte Zobel, S., & Billieux, J. (2021). Association between gambling disorder and emotion (dys)regulation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 87, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verduyn, P., Gugushvili, N., Massar, K., Täht, K., & Kross, E. (2020). Social comparison on social networking sites. Current Opinion in Psychology, 36, 32–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verduyn, P., Ybarra, O., Resibois, M., Jonides, J., & Kross, E. (2017). Do social network sites enhance or undermine subjective well-being? A critical review. Social Issues and Policy Review, 11(1), 274–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viner, R., Giresh, A., Stiglic, N., Hudson, L., Goddings, A., Ward, J., & Nicholls, D. (2019). Roles of cyberbullying, sleep, and physical activity in mediating the effects of social media use on mental health and wellbeing among young people in England: A secondary analysis of longitudinal data. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 3(10), 685–696. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30186-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, H. C., & Scott, H. (2016). #Sleepyteens: Social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. Journal of Adolescence, 51(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu, W., Huang, L., & Yang, F. (2024). Social anxiety and problematic social media use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 153, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.107995
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, H., Wang, Z., Elhai, J. D., & Montag, C. (2022). The relationship between adolescent emotion dysregulation and problematic technology use: Systematic review of the empirical literature. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 11(2), 290–304. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2022.00038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar