Preattentive analysis of facial expressions of emotion

References

• Ambady , N. and Rosenthal , R. 1992 . Thin slices of expressive behavior as predictors of interpersonal consequences: A meta-analysis . Psychological Bulletin , III : 256 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , N. H. 1968 . Likableness ratings of 555 personality-trait words . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 9 : 272 – 279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bargh , J. A. 1989 . “ Conditional automaticity: Varieties of automatic influence in social perception and cognition ” . In Unintended thought , Edited by: Uleman , J. S. and Bargh , J. A. 3 – 51 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Bargh , J. A. , Chaiken , S. , Govender , R. and Pratto , F. 1992 . The generality of the automatic attitude activation effect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 62 : 893 – 912 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beech , A. , Baylis , G. C. , Smithson , P. and Claridge , G. 1989 . Individual differences in schizotypy as reflected in measures of cognitive inhibition . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 28 : 117 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellezza , F. S. , Greenwald , A. G. and Banaji , M. R. 1986 . Words high and low in pleasantness as rated by male and female college students . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers , 18 : 299 – 303 .
   Google Scholar
• Broadbent , D. E. and Gathercole , S. E. 1990 . The processing of non-target words: Semantic or not? . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 42A : 3 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey , S. 1992 . Becoming a face expert . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B , 335 : 95 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charlesworth , W. R. and Kreutzer , M. A. 1973 . “ Facial expression of infants and children ” . In Darwin and facial expression , Edited by: Ekman , P. 91 – 168 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Coren , S. and Russell , J. A. 1992 . The relative dominance of different facial expressions of emotion under conditions of perceptual ambiguity . Cognition and Emotion , 6 : 339 – 356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darwin , C. 1904 . The expression of the emotions in man and animals , London : John Murray . (Original work published 1872)
   Google Scholar
• Duncan , J. 1980 . Locus of interference in the perception of simultaneous stimuli . Psychological Review , 87 : 272 – 300 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan , J. 1983 . Category effects in visual search: A failure to replicate the “oh-zero” phenomenon . Perception & Psychophysics , 34 : 221 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egeth , H. , Jonides , J. and Wall , S. 1972 . Parallel processing of multielement displays . Cognitive Psychology , 3 : 674 – 698 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. 1992 . Facial expressions of emotion: an old controversy and new findings . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B , 335 : 63 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. and Friesen , W. V. 1975 . Unmasking the face , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. and Friesen , W. V. 1976 . Pictures of facial affect , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists' Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fiske , S. T. and Taylor , S. E. 1991 . Social cognition , 2nd ed. , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Folk , C. L. and Egeth , H. 1989 . Does the identification of simple features require serial processing? . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 15 : 97 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francolini , C. M. and Egeth , H. E. 1979 . Perceptual selectivity is task dependent: The pop-out effect poops out . Perception and Psychophysics , 25 : 99 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleitman , H. and Jonides , J. 1976 . The cost of categorization in visual search: incomplete processing of targets and field items . Perception & Psychophysics , 20 : 281 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorea , A. and Julesz , B. 1990 . Context superiority in a detection task with line-element stimuli: a low level effect . Perception , 19 : 5 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampton , C. , Purcell , D. G. , Bersine , L. , Hansen , C. H. and Hansen , R. D. 1989 . Probing “pop-out”: Another look at the face-in-the-crowd effect . Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , 27 : 563 – 566 .
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , C. H. and Hansen , R. D. 1988 . Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 917 – 924 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , C. H. , Hansen , R. D. and Shantz , D. W. 1992 . Repression at encoding: Discrete appraisals of emotional stimuli . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 63 : 1026 – 1035 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasher , L. , Stoltzfus , E. R. , Zacks , R. T. and Rypma , B. 1991 . Age and inhibition . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 17 : 163 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurlbert , A. and Poggio , T. 1985 . Spotlight on attention . Trends in Neuroscience , 8 : 309 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isen , A. M. and Diamond , G. A. 1989 . “ Affect and automatically ” . In Unintended thought , Edited by: Uleman , J. S. and Bargh , J. A. 124 – 152 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , W. A. and Dark , V. J. 1986 . Selective attention . Annual Review of Psychology , 37 : 43 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonides , J. and Gleitman , H. 1972 . A conceptual category effect in visual search: O as letter or as digit . Perception & Psychophysics , 12 : 457 – 460 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonides , J. and Gleitman , H. 1976 . The benefit of categorization in visual search: Target location without identification . Perception & Psychophysics , 20 : 289 – 298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman , D. and Treisman , A. 1984 . “ Changing views of attention and automaticity ” . In Varieties of attention , Edited by: Parasuraman , R. and Davies , D. R. 29 – 61 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kihlstrom , J. F. 1987 . The cognitive unconscious . Science , 237 : 1445 – 1452 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirouac , G. and Doré , F. Y. 1984 . Judgment of facial expressions of emotion as a function of exposure time . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 59 : 147 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , A. J. , Beard , C. T. and Thompson , R. J. 1988 . Selective attention, visual laterality, and perceiving the meaning of parafoveally presented words . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 40A : 616 – 652 .
   Google Scholar
• MacLeod , C. and Hagan , R. 1992 . Individual differences in the selective processing of threatening information, and emotional responses to a stressful life event . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 30 : 151 – 161 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandal , M. K. and Palchoudhury , S. 1985 . Perceptual skill in decoding facial affect . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 60 : 96 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews , A. 1993 . Biases in processing emotional information . The Psychologist: Bulletin of the British Psychological Society , 6 : 493 – 499 .
   Google Scholar
• McAndrew , F. T. 1986 . A cross-cultural study of recognition thresholds for facial expressions of emotion . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 17 : 211 – 224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McArthur , L. Z. and Baron , R. M. 1983 . Toward an ecological theory of social perception . Psychological Review , 90 : 215 – 238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKelvie , S. 1973 . The meaningfulness and meaning of schematic faces . Perception and Psychophysics , 14 : 343 – 348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neill , W. T. and Westberry , R. L. 1987 . Selective attention and the suppression of cognitive noise . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 13 : 327 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niedenthal , P. M. 1990 . Implicit perception of affective information . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 26 : 505 – 527 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niedenthal , P. M. 1992 . “ Affect and social perception: On the psychological validity of rose-colored glasses ” . In Perception without awareness , Edited by: Bomstein , R. F. and Pittman , T. S. 211 – 235 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Oatley , K. and Johnson-Laird , P. N. 1987 . Towards a cognitive theory of emotions . Cognition and Emotion , 1 : 29 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Öhman , A. and Soares , J. J. 1992 . Unconscious anxiety: Phobic responses to masked stimuli . Psychophysiology , 29 : S54
   Google Scholar
• Pashler , H. and Badgio , P. C. 1985 . Visual attention and stimulus identification . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 11 : 105 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner , M. I. and Presti , D. E. 1987 . Selective attention and cognitive control . Trends in Neuroscience , 10 : 13 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratto , F. and John , O. P. 1991 . Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of negative social information . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 : 380 – 391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purcell , D. G. and Stewart , A. L. 1988 . The face-detection effect: Configuration enhances detection . Perception & Psychophysics , 43 : 355 – 366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roskos-Ewoldsen , D. R. and Fazio , R. H. 1992 . On the orienting value of attitudes: Attitude accessibility as a determinant of an object's attraction of visual attention . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 63 : 198 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz , G. M. , Izard , C. E. and Ansul , S. E. 1985 . The 5-month-old's ability to discriminate facial expressions of emotion . Infant Behavior and Development , 8 : 65 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg , S. 1966 . High-speed scanning in human memory . Science , 153 : 652 – 654 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka , J. W. and Farah , M. J. 1993 . Parts and wholes in face recognition . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 46A : 225 – 245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , D. A. 1978 . Identification and categorization of letters and digits . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 4 : 423 – 439 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. E. 1991 . Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: The mobilization-minimization hypothesis . Psychological Bulletin , 110 : 67 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theeuwes , J. 1991 . Categorization and identification of simultaneous targets . Acta Psychologica , 76 : 73 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipper , S. P. and Driver , J. 1988 . Negative priming between pictures and words in a selective attention task: Evidence for semantic processing of ignored stimuli . Memory and Cognition , 16 : 64 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman , A. 1986 . Features and objects in visual processing . Scientific American , 255 : 106 – 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman , A. and Gormican , S. 1988 . Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries . Psychological Review , 95 : 15 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman , A. and Paterson , R. 1984 . Emergent features, attention, and object perception . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 10 : 12 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman , A. and Souther , J. 1985 . Search asymmetry: A diagnostic for preattentive processing of separable features . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 114 : 285 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uleman , J. S. and Bargh , J. A. 1989 . Unintended thought , New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Walters , D. B.K. 1986 . “ A computer vision model based on psychophysical experiments ” . In Pattern recognition by humans and machines , Edited by: Schwab , E. C. and Nusbaum , H. C. Vol. 2 , 87 – 120 . Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Yin , R. K. 1969 . Looking at upside-down faces . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 81 : 141 – 145 .
   Google Scholar
• Zajonc , R. B. 1980 . Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences . American Psychologist , 35 : 151 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar