The Affective Significance of Skin Conductance Activity During a Difficult Problem-solving Task

References

• Bohlin , G. 1976 . Delayed habituation of the electrodermal orienting response as a function of increased level of arousal . Psychophysiology , 13 : 345 – 351 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boucsein , W. 1992 . Electrodermal activity , New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. and Cohen , P. 1983 . Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences , 2nd ed. , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Dawson , M. E. , Schell , A. M. and Filion , D. L. 1990 . “ The electrodermal system ” . In Principles of psychophysiology: Physical, social, and inferential elements , Edited by: Cacioppo , J. T. and Tassinary , L. G. 295 – 324 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Eason , R. G. and Dudley , L. M. 1971 . Physiological and behavioral indicants of activation . Psychophysiology , 7 : 223 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellsworth , P. C. and Smith , C. A. 1988 . Shades of joy: Patterns of appraisal differentiating pleasant emotions . Cognition and Emotion , 2 : 301 – 331 .
   Google Scholar
• Fowles , D. C. , Christie , M. J. , Edelberg , R. , Grings , W. W. , Lykken , D. T. and Venables , P. H. 1981 . Committee report: Publication recommendations for electrodermal measurements . Psychophysiology , 18 : 232 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frijda , N. H. 1986 . The emotions , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Frijda , N. H. , Kuipers , P. and ter Schure , E. 1989 . Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 : 212 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jutai , J. W. and Hare , R. D. 1983 . Psychopathy and selective attention during performance of a complex perceptual-motor task . Psychophysiology , 20 : 146 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman , D. , Tursky , B. , Shapiro , D. and Crider , A. 1969 . Pupillary, heart rate, and skin resistance changes during a mental task . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 79 : 164 – 167 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keppel , G. 1982 . Design and analysis: A researcher' s handbook , 2nd ed. , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Lacey , J. I. , Kagan , J. , Lacey , B. C. and Moss , H. A. 1963 . “ The visceral level: Situational determinants and behavioral correlates of autonomic response patterns ” . In Expression of the emotions in man , Edited by: Knapp , P. H. 161 – 196 . New York : International Universities Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lanzetta , J. T. and Orr , S. P. 1980 . Influence of facial expressions on the classical conditioning of fear . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 39 : 1081 – 1087 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanzetta , J. T. and Orr , S. P. 1986 . Excitatory strength of expressive faces: Effects of happy and fear expressions and context on the extinction of a conditione d fear response . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 50 : 190 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. S. 1986 . “ Emotions and adaptation: Conceptual and empirical relations ” . In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation , Edited by: Arnold , W. J. Vol. 16 , 175 – 226 . Lincoln, NE : University of Nebraska Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. S. 1991 . Emotion and adaptation , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. S. and Folkman , S. 1984 . Stress, appraisal, and coping , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. S. and Smith , C. A. 1989 . Knowledge and appraisal in the cognition-em otion relationship . Cognition and Emotion , 2 : 281 – 300 .
   Google Scholar
• Munro , L. L. , Dawson , M. E. , Schell , A. M. and Sakai , L. M. 1987 . Electrodermal lability and rapid performance decrement in a degraded stimulus continuous performance task . Journal of Psychophysiology , 1 : 249 – 257 .
   Google Scholar
• Nikula , R. 1991 . Psychological correlates of nonspecific skin conductance responses . Psychophysiology , 28 : 86 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O' Brien , R. G. and Kaiser , M. K. 1985 . MANOVA method for analyzing repeated measures designs: An extensive primer . Psychological Bulletin , 97 : 316 – 333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obrist , P. A. 1981 . Cardiovascular psychophysiology: A perspective , New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Öhman , A. and Dimberg , U. 1978 . Facial expressions as conditione d stimuli for electro-dermal responses: A case for “Preparedness” ? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 36 : 1251 – 1258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkinson , B. and Manstead , A. S. R. 1992 . “ Appraisal as a cause of emotion ” . In Review of personality and social psychology: Vol 13. Emotion , Edited by: Clark , M. S. 122 – 149 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Parkinson , B. and Manstead , A. S. R. 1993 . Making sense of emotions in stories and social life . Cognition and Emotion , 7 : 295 – 323 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prokasy , W. F. and Kumpfer , K. L. 1973 . “ Classical conditioning ” . In Electrodermal activity in psychological research , Edited by: Prokasy , W. F. and Raskin , D. C. 157 – 202 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Roseman , I. J. 1984 . “ Cognitive determinants of emotion: A structural theory ” . In Review of personality and social psychology: Vol. 5. Emotions, relationships, and health , Edited by: Shaver , P. 11 – 36 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Roseman , I. J. 1991 . Appraisal determinants of discrete emotions . Cognition and Emotion , 5 : 161 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roseman , I. J. , Spindel , M. S. and Jose , P. E. 1990 . Appraisals of emotion-eli citing events: Testing a theory of discrete emotions . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 59 : 899 – 915 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , R. and Rosnow , R. L. 1985 . Contrast analysis: Focused comparisons in the analysis of variance , New York : Cambridge Univesity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Russell , J. A. 1987 . Comments on articles by Frijda and by Conway and Bekerian . Cognition and Emotion , 1 : 193 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Scherer , K. R. 1984 . “ On the nature and function of emotion: A component process approach ” . In Approaches to emotion , Edited by: Scherer , K. R. and Ekman , P. 293 – 317 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Scherer , K. R. 1988 . “ Cognitive antecedents of emotion ” . In Cognitive perspectives on emotion and motivation , Edited by: Hamilton , V. , Bower , G. H. and Frijda , N. H. 89 – 126 . Dordecht, , The Netherlands : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , C. A. 1989 . Dimensions of appraisal and physiological response in emotion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 56 : 339 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , C. A. 1991 . “ The self, appraisal, and coping ” . In Handbook of social and clinical psychology: The health perspective , Edited by: Snyder , C. R. and Forsyth , D. R. 116 – 137 . New York : Pergamon .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , C. A. 1993 . “ Evaluations of what' s at stake and what I can do ” . In Women, work, and coping: A multidisciplinary approach to workplace stress , Edited by: Long , B. C. and Kahn , S. E. 238 – 265 . Montreal : McGill-Queen' s University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , C. A. 1993b . Un approccio interazionale allo studio degli appraisals e delle emo-zioni . Rassegna di psicologia , 10 : 77 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , C. A. and Ellsworth , P. C. 1985 . Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 : 813 – 838 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , C. A. , Haynes , K. N. , Lazarus , R. S. and Pope , L. K. 1993 . In search of the “hot” cognitions: Attributions, appraisals, and their relation to emotion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 65 : 916 – 929 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , C. A. and Lazarus , R. S. 1990 . “ Emotion and adaptation ” . In Handbook of personality: Theory and research , Edited by: Perv , L. A. 609 – 637 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , C. A. and Lazarus , R. S. 1993 . Appraisal components, core relational themes, and the emotions . Cognition and Emotion , 7 : 233 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , C. A. and Pope , L. K. 1992 . “ Appraisal and emotion: The interactional contributions of dispositional and situational factors ” . In Review of personality and social psychology: Vol. 14. Emotion and social behavior , Edited by: Clark , M. S. 32 – 62 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , C. A. and Scott , H. S. “ A componential approach to the meaning of facial expressions ” . In The psychology of facial expression , Edited by: Russell , J. A. and Fernaández-Dols , J. M. New York : Cambridge University Press . in press, To appear in
   Google Scholar
• Steptoe , A. , Moses , J. , Mathews , A. and Edwards , S. 1990 . Aerobic fitness, physical activity, and psychophysiological reactions to mental tests . Psychophysiology , 27 : 264 – 274 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasey , M. W. and Thayer , J. F. 1987 . The continuing problem of false positives in repeated measures ANOVA in psychophysiology: A multivariate solution . Psychophysiology , 24 : 479 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , R. A. , Contrada , R. J. and Patane , M. J. 1986 . Task difficulty, cardiovascular response, and the magnitude of goal valence . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 837 – 843 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , R. A. and Dill , J. C. 1993 . Blood pressure responses and incentive appraisals as a function of perceived ability and objective task demand . Psychophysiology , 30 : 152 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , R. A. , Williams , B. J. and Dill , J. C. 1992 . Interactive effects of difficulty and instrumentality of avoidant behavior on cardiovascular reactivity . Psychophysiology , 29 : 677 – 686 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar