The Anatomy of Disappointment: A Naturalistic Test of Appraisal Models of Sadness, Anger, and Hope

References

• Arnold , M. B. 1960 . Emotion and personality , Vols. I and II , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Averill , J. R. 1982 . Anger and aggression: An essay on emotion , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Berkowitz , L. 1990 . On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression . American Psychologist , 45 : 494 – 503 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black , G. S. and Black , B. D. 1994 . The politics of American discontent , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Conway , M. A. and Bekerian , P. A. 1987 . Situational knowledge and emotions . Cognition and Emotion , 1 : 145 – 191 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellsworth , P. C. and Smith , C. A. 1988 . From appraisal to emotion: Differences among unpleasant feelings . Motivation and Emotion , 12 : 271 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frijda , N. H. 1987 . Emotion, cognitive structure, and action tendency . Cognition and Emotion , 1 : 115 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Frijda , N. H. 1993a . Appraisal and beyond . Cognition and Emotion. Special issue: Appraisal and beyond: The issue of the cognitive determinants of emotion , 7 : 225 – 231 .
   Google Scholar
• Frijda , N. H. 1993b . The place of appraisal in emotion . Cognition and Emotion. Special issue: Appraisal and beyond: The issue of the cognitive determinants of emotion , 7 : 357 – 387 .
   Google Scholar
• Frijda , N. H. , Kuipers , P. and ter Schure , L. 1989 . Relations between emotion, appraisal, and emotion action readiness . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 : 212 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillespie , D. J. 1993 . Politics at the periphery: Third parties in two-party America , Columbia, SC : University of South Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hepburn , R. W. 1972 . “ The arts and the education of feeling and emotion ” . In Education and the development of reason: Part III , Edited by: Dearden , R. F. , Hirst , P. H. and Peters , R. S. 94 – 110 . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Izard , C. E. 1977 . Human emotions , New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. S. 1991 . Emotion and adaptation , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levine , L. J. 1995 . Young children's understanding of the causes of anger and sadness . Child Development , 66 : 697 – 709 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandler , G. 1984 . Mind and body: Psychology of emotion and stress , New York : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Oatley , K. and Duncan , E. 1994 . The experience of emotion in everyday life . Cognition and Emotion , 8 : 369 – 381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oatley , K. and Johnson-Laird , P. N. 1987 . Toward a cognitive theory of emotions . Cognition and Emotion , 1 : 29 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Ortony , A. , Clore , G. L. and Collins , A. 1988 . The cognitive structure of emotions , Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Parkinson , B. and Manstead , A. S. R. 1992 . “ Appraisal as a cause of emotion ” . In Emotion: Vol. 13. Review of Personality and Social Psychology , Edited by: Clark , M. S. 122 – 149 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Parkinson , B. and Manstead , A. S. R. 1993 . Making sense of emotion in stories and social life . Cognition and Emotion. Special issue: Appraisal and beyond: The issue of the cognitive determinants of emotion , 7 : 295 – 323 .
   Google Scholar
• 1992 . The Perot phenomenon: Support for Ross Perot among different demographic groups . American Enterprise , 3 September–October : 91 – 96 . Public Opinion and Demographic Report
   Google Scholar
• Roseman , I. J. 1991 . Appraisal determinants of discrete emotions . Cognition and Emotion , 5 : 161 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , J. A. 1987 . Comments on articles by Frijda and by Conway and Bekerian . Cognition and Emotion , 1 : 193 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Saarni , C. 1985 . “ Indirect processes in affect socialization ” . In The socialization of emotions , Edited by: Lewis , M. and Saarni , C. 187 – 209 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Scherer , K. R. 1984 . “ Emotion as a multi-component process ” . In Review of personality and social psychology: Vol 5. Emotions, relationships, and health , Edited by: Shaver , P. 37 – 63 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Scherer , K. R. 1993 . Studying the emotion-ante cedent process: An expert system approach . Cognition and Emotion. Special issue: Appraisal and beyond: The issue of the cognitive determinants of emotion , 7 : 325 – 355 .
   Google Scholar
• Scherer , K. R. , Wallbott , H. G. and Summerfield , A. B. , eds. 1986 . Experiencing emotion: A cross-cultural study , Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shaver , P. , Schwartz , J. , O'Connor , C. and Kirson , D. 1987 . Emotion knowledge: Further explorations of a prototype approach . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 52 : 1016 – 1086 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , C. A. and & Ellsworth , P. 1985 . Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 : 813 – 838 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , C. A. and Lazarus , R. S. 1993 . Appraisal components, core relational themes, and the emotions . Cognition and Emotion , 7 : 233 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonnemans , J. and Frijda , N. H. 1994 . The structure of subjective emotional intensity . Cognition and Emotion , 8 : 329 – 350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein , N. L. and Levine , L. J. 1987 . “ Thinking about feelings: The development and organization of emotional knowledge ” . In Aptitude, learning, and instruction: Vol. 3. Cognition, conation and affect , Edited by: Snow , R. E. and Farr , M. 165 – 197 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Stein , N. L. and Levine , L. J. 1989 . The causal organization of emotional knowledge: A developmental study . Cognition and Emotion , 3 : 343 – 378 .
   Google Scholar
• Stein , N. L. and Levine , L. J. 1990 . “ Making sense out of emotion: The representation and use of goal-structured knowledge ” . In Psychological and biological approaches to emotion , Edited by: Stein , N. L. , Leventhal , B. and Trabasso , T. 45 – 73 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Stein , N. L. , Trabasso , T. and Liwag , M. 1993 . “ The representation and organization of emotional experience: Unfolding the emotional episode ” . In Handbook of emotion , Edited by: Lewis , M. and Havil , J. 279 – 300 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tait , R. and Silver , R. C. 1989 . “ Coming to terms with major negative life events ” . In Unintended thought , Edited by: Uleman , J. S. and Bargh , J. A. 351 – 382 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weiner , B. 1985 . An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion . Psychological Review , 92 : 548 – 573 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner , B. , Graham , S. and Chandler , C. C. 1982 . Pity, anger, and guilt: An attributional perspective . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 8 : 226 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wortman , C. B. and & Silver , R. C. 1989 . The myths of coping with loss . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 57 : 349 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar