553
Views
186
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Puzzle of Regional Brain Activity in and Anxiety: The Importance of Subtypes and Comorbidity

Pages 421-447 | Published online: 31 Aug 2010

References

  • Allen , J. J. , lacono , W. G. , Depue , R. A. and Arbisi , X. 1993 . Regional EEG asymmetries in bipolar seasonal affective disorder before and after phototherapy . Biological Psychiatry , 33 : 642 – 646 .
  • Alloy , L. B. , Kelly , K. A. , Mineka , S. and Clements , C. M. 1990 . “ Comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders: A helplessness-hopelessness perspective ” . In Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders , Edited by: Maser , J. D. and Cloninger , C. R. 499 – 543 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
  • APA (American Psychiatric Association) . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th ed. Washington, DC Author
  • Banich , M. T. , Stolar , N. , Heller , W. and Goldman , R. 1992 . A deficit in right-hemisphere performance after induction of a depressed mood . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology , 5 : 20 – 27 .
  • Barlow , D. H. 1988 . Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic , New York : Guilford Press .
  • Barlow , D. H. 1991 . Disorders of emotion . Psychological Inquiry , 2 : 58 – 71 .
  • Baxter , L. R. , Phelps , M. E. , Mazziotta , J. C. , Guze , B. H. , Schwartz , J. M. and Selin , C. E. 1987 . Local cerebral glucose metabolic rates in obsessive-compulsive disorder . Archives of General Psychiatry , 44 : 211 – 218 .
  • Baxter , L. R. , Phelps , M. E. , Mazziotta , J. C. , Schwartz , J. M. , Berner , R. H. , Selin , C. E. and Sumida , R. M. 1985 . Cerebral metabolic rates for glucose in mood disorders: Studies with positron emission tomography and fluorodeoxyglucose F 18 . Archives of General Psychiatry , 42 : 441 – 447 .
  • Baxter , L. R. , Schwartz , J. M. Phelps , M. E. 1989 . Reduction of prefrontal cortex glucose metabolism common to three types of depression . Archives of General Psychiatry , 46 : 243 – 250 .
  • Bench , C. J. , Fristen , K. J. , Brown , R. G. , Frackowiak , R. S. J. and Ddan , R. J. 1993 . Regional cerebral blood flow in depression measured by positron emission tomography: The relationship with clinical dimensions . Psychological Medicine , 23 : 579 – 590 .
  • Bench , C. J. , Fristen , K. J. , Brown , R. G. , Scott , L. C. , Frackowiak , R. S. J. and Dolan , RJ. 1992 . The anatomy of melancholia: Focal abnormalities of cerebral blood flow in major depression . Psychological Medicine , 22 : 607 – 615 .
  • Berenbaum , H. and Williams , M. 1994 . Extraversion, hemispatial bias, and eyeblink rates . Personality and Individual Differences , 17 : 849 – 852 .
  • Berndt , D. J. and Berndt , S. M. 1980 . Relationship of mild depression to psychological deficit in college students . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 36 : 868 – 874 .
  • Borod , J. C. 1993 . Cerebral mechanisms underlying facial, prosodie, and lexical emotional expression: A review of neuropsychological studies and methodological issues . Neuropsychology , 7 : 445 – 463 .
  • Bruder , GE. 1995 . “ Cerebral laterality and psychopathology : Perceptual and event-related potential asymmetries in affective and schizophrenic disorders ” . In Brain asymmetry , Edited by: Davidson , R. J. and Hugdahl , K. 661 – 691 . Cambridge, MA : The MIT Press .
  • Bruder , O. E. , Quitkin , P. M. , Stewart , J. W. , Martin , C. , Voglmaier , M. M. and Harrison , W. M. 1989 . Cerebral laterality and depression: Differences in perceptual asymmetry among diagnostic subtypes . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 98 : 177 – 186 .
  • Buchsbaum , M. S. , Hazlett , E. , Sicotte , N. , Stein , M. , Wu , J. and Zetin , M. 1985 . Topographic EEG changes with benzodiazepine administration in generalized anxiety disorder . Biological Psychiatry , 20 : 832 – 842 .
  • Buchsbaum , MS. , Wu , J. , Haier , R. , Harlett , E. , Ball , R. , Katz , M. , Sokolski , K. , LagunasSolar , M. and Langer , D. 1987 . Positron emission tomography assessment of effects of benzodiazepines on regional glucose metabolic rate in patients with anxiety disorders . Life Science , 40 : 2393 – 2400 .
  • Caltagirone , C. , Zoccolotti , P. , Originale , G. , Daniele , A. and Mammucari , A. 1989 . “ Autonomie reactivity and facial expression of emotion in brain-damaged patients ” . In Emotions and the dual bra , Edited by: Gamotti , G. and Caltagirone , C. 204 – 221 . Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
  • Carter , W. R. , Johnson , M. C. and Borkovec , T. D. 1986 . Worry: An electrocortical analysis . Advances in Behavioral Research and Therapy , 8 : 193 – 204 .
  • Clark , L. A. and Watson , D. 1991 . Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 100 : 316 – 336 .
  • Clore , G. L. 1994 . “ Why emotions require cognition ” . In The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions , Edited by: Ekman , P. and Davidson , R. J. 181 – 191 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Davidson , R. J. 1984 . “ Affect, cognition and hemispheric specialization ” . In Emotion, cognition and behavior , Edited by: Izard , C. E. , Kagan , J. and Zajonc , R. 320 – 365 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Davidson , R. J. 1992a . Anterior cerebral asymmetry and the nature of emotion . Brain and Cognition , 20 : 125 – 151 .
  • Davidson , R. J. 1992b . Emotion and affective style: Hemispheric substrates . Psychological Science , 3 : 39 – 43 .
  • Davidson , R. J. 1993 . Parsing affective space: Perspectives from neuropsychology and psychophysiology . Neuropsychology , 7 : 464 – 475 .
  • Davidson , R. J. , Larson , C. and Abercrombie , H. Prefrontal electrophysiologtcal asymmetries differentiate between melancholic and non-melancholic depression . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Research in Psychopathology . Iowa City, IO. October ,
  • Davidson , R. J. , Marshall , J. R. , Tomarken , A. J. and Henriques , J. B. While a phobic waits: Regional brain electrical and autonomie activity predict anxiety in social phobies during anticipation of public speaking submitted
  • Davidson , R. J. , Schaffer , C. E. and Saron , C. 1985 . Effects of lateralized presentations of faces on self-reports of emotion and EEG asymmetry in depressed and non-depressed subjects . Psychophysiology , 22 : 353 – 364 .
  • Davidson , R. J. and Tomarken , A. J. 1989 . “ Laterality and emotion: An electrophysiological approach ” . In Handbook of neuropsychology , Edited by: Boiler , F. and Grafman , J. 419 – 441 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Dawson , M. E. and Schell , A. M. 1982 . Electrodermal responses to attended and nonattended stimuli during dichotic listening . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 8 : 82 – 86 .
  • Drevets , W. C. , Videen , T. O. , Preskorn , S. H. , Price , J. L. , Carmichael , S. T. and Raichle , M. E. 1992 . A functional anatomical study of unipolar depression . Journal of Neuroscience , 12 : 3628 – 3641 .
  • Eysenck , H. J. 1957 . The dynamics of anxiety and hysteria , New York : Praeger .
  • Flor-Henry , P. 1976 . Lateralized temporal-limbic dysfunction and psychopathology . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 280 : 777 – 795 .
  • Flor-Henry , P. 1979 . On certain aspects of the localization of the cerebral systems regulating and determining emotion . Biological Psychiatry , 14 : 677 – 698 .
  • Gainotti , G. 1972 . Emotional behavior and hemisphere side of lesion . Cortex , 8 : 41 – 55 .
  • Gainotti , G. , Caltagirone , C. and Zoccolotti , P. 1993 . Left/right and cortical/subcortical dichotomies in the neuropsychological study of hum an emotions . Cognition and Emotion , 7 : 71 – 93 .
  • George , M. S. , Ketter , T. A. Perekh , P. 1994 . Spatial ability in affective illness: Differences in regional brain activation during a spatial matching task . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology , 7 : 143 – 153 .
  • George , M. S. , Ketter , T. A. , Perekh , P. I. , Horowitz , B. , Herscovitch , P. and Post , R. M. 1995 . Brain activity during transient sadness and happiness in healthy women . American Journal of Psychiatry , 152 : 341 – 351 .
  • Goldstein , S. O. , Filskov , S. B. , Weaver , L. A. and Ives , J. O. 1977 . Neuropsychological effects of electroconvulsive therapy . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 37 : 187 – 197 .
  • Greenwald , M. K. , Cook , E. W. and Lang , P. J. 1989 . Affective judgment and psychophysiological response: Dimensional covariation in the evaluation of pictorial stimuli . Journal of Psychophysiology , 3 : 51 – 64 .
  • Gruzelier , J. , Seymour , K. , Wilson , L. , Jolley , A. and Hirsch , S. 1988 . Impairments on neuropsychologic tests of temporohippocampal and frontohippocampal functions and word fluency in remitting schizophrenia and affective disorders . Archives of General Psychiatry , 45 : 623 – 629 .
  • Gur , R. C. , Gur , R. E. , Skolnick , B. E. , Resnick , S. M. , Silver , F. L. , Chowluk , J. , Muenz , L. , Obrist , W. D. and Reivich , M. 1988 . Effects of task difficulty on regional cerebral blood flow: Relationships with anxiety and performance . Psychophysiology , 25 : 229 – 232 .
  • Heilman , K. M. , Schwarte , H. D. and Watson , R. T. 1978 . Hypoarousal in patients with the neglect syndrome and emotional indifference . Neurology , 28 : 229 – 232 .
  • Heller , W. 1986 . Cerebral organization of emotional function in children , University of Chicago . Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation
  • Heller , W. 1990 . “ The neuropsychology of emotion: Developmental patterns and implications for psychopathology ” . In Psychololgical and biological approaches to emotion , Edited by: Stein , N. , Leventhal , B. L. and Trabasso , T. 167 – 211 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
  • Heller , W. 1993a . Gender differences in depression: Perspectives from neuropsychology . Journal of Affective Disorders , 29 : 129 – 143 .
  • Heller , W. 1993b . Neuropsychological mechanisms of individual differences in emotion, personality, and arousal . Neuropsychology , 7 : 476 – 489 .
  • Heller , W. , Etienne , M. A. and Miller , G. A. 1995 . Patterns of perceptual asymmetry in depression and anxiety: Implications for neuropsychological models of emotion and psychopathology . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 104 : 327 – 333 .
  • Heller , W. and Nisenson , L. Individual Differences in Characteristic Perceptual Asymmetries Predict Inter- versus Intrapersonal Orientation . Poster presented at the annual meeting of the New York Academy of Sciences . New York City. March ,
  • Heller , W. and Nitschke , J. B. 1997 . Regional brain activity in emotion: A framework for understanding cognition in depression . Cognition and Emotion , 11 : 637 – 661 .
  • Heller , W. , Nitschke , J. B. , Etienne , M. A. and Miller , G. A. 1997a . Regional brain activity patterns differentiate types of anxiety . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 106 : 376 – 385 .
  • Heller , W. , Nitschke , J. B. and Lindsay , D. L. 1997b . Neuropsychological correlates of arousal in self-reported emotion . Cognition and Emotion , 11 : 383 – 402 .
  • Henriques , J. B. and Davidson , R. J. 1990 . Regional brain electrical asymmetries discriminate between previously depressed and healthy control subjects . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 99 : 22 – 31 .
  • Henriques , J. B. and Davidson , R. J. 1991 . Left frontal hypoactivation in depression . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 100 : 535 – 545 .
  • Hiller , W. , Zaudig , M. and Rose , M. 1989 . The overlap between depression and anxiety on different levels of psychopathology . Journal of Affective Disorders , 16 : 223 – 231 .
  • Hugdahl , K. , Franzon , M. , Andersson , B. and Walldebo , G. 1983 . Heart-rate responses (HRR) to lateralized visual stimuli . Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science , 18 : 186 – 198 .
  • Jaeger , J. , Borod , J. C. and Peselow , E. D. 1987 . Depressed patients have atypical hemispace biases in the perception of emotional chimeric faces . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 96 : 321 – 324 .
  • Johnsen , B. H. and Hugdahl , K. 1991 . Hemispheric asymmetry in conditioning to facial emotional expressions . Psychophysiology , 28 : 154 – 162 .
  • Johnsen , B. H. and Hugdahl , K. 1993 . Right hemisphere representation of autonomie conditioning to facial emotional expressions . Psychophysiology , 30 : 274 – 278 .
  • Katon , W. and Roy-Byrne , P. P. 1991 . Mixed anxiety and depression . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 100 : 337 – 345 .
  • Kinsbourne , M. 1988 . “ Hemisphere interactions in depression ” . In Cerebral hemisphere function in depression , Edited by: Kinsbourne , M. 133 – 162 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
  • Klein , D. F. 1987 . “ Anxiety reconceptualized ” . In Anxiety , Edited by: Kle , D. F. 1 – 35 . Basel : Karger .
  • Kronfol , Z. , Hamsher , KD. , Digre , K. and Waziri , R. 1978 . Depression and hemispheric functions: Changes associated with unilateral ECT . British Journal of Psychiatry , 132 : 560 – 567 .
  • Ladavas , E. , Nicoletti , R. , Umilta , C. and Rizzolatti , G. 1984 . Right hemisphere interference during negative affect: A reaction time study . Neuropsychologia , 22 : 479 – 485 .
  • Lang , P. J. , Gieenwald , M. K. , Bradley , M. M. and Hamm , A. O. 1993 . Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions . Psychophysiology , 30 : 261 – 273 .
  • Larsen , R. J. and Diener , E. 1992 . “ Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion ” . In Review of personality and social psychology , Edited by: Clark , M. S. 25 – 59 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • LeDoux , J. E. 1993 . “ Emotional networks in the brain ” . In Handbook of emotions , Edited by: Lewis , M. and Havil , J. M. 109 – 118 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Lee , O. P. , Loring , D. W. , Meador , K. J. , Flanigin , H. F. and Brooks , B. S. 1988 . Severe behavioral complications following intracarotid sodium amobarbital injection: Implications for hemispheric asymmetry of emotion . Neurology , 38 : 1233 – 1236 .
  • Levy , J. , Heller , W. , Banich , M. T. and Burton , L. A. 1983 . Are variations among righthanded individuals in perceptual asymmetries caused by characteristic arousal differences between hemispheres? . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 9 : 329 – 359 .
  • Liotti , M. and Tucker , D. M. 1995 . “ Emotions in asymmetric corticolimbic networks ” . In Brain Asymmetry , Edited by: Davidson , R. J. and Hugdahl , K. M. 389 – 423 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Liotti , M. , Sava , D. , Rizzolatti , G. and Caffarra , P. 1991 . Differential hemispheric asymmetries in depression and anxiety: A reaction time study . Biological Psychiatry , 29 : 887 – 899 .
  • Martinot , J. H. , Allilaire , J. F. , Mazolyer , B. M. , Hantouche , E. , Huret , J. D. , Legaut-Demare , F. , Deslauriers , A. G. , Hardy , P. , Pappata , S. , Baron , J. C. and Syrota , A. 1990 . Obsessivecompulsive disorder: A clinical neuropsychological and position emission tomography study . Acta Psychiatrica Scanclinavica , 82 : 233 – 242 .
  • Mathew , R. J. , Wilson , W. H. and Daniel , D. G. 1985 . The effect of nonsedative doses of Diazepam on regional cerebral blood flow . Biological Psychiatry , 20 : 1109 – 1116 .
  • Meyer , T. J. , Miller , M. L. , Metzger , R. L. and Borkovec , T. D. 1990 . Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire . Behaviour Research Therapy , 28 : 487 – 495 .
  • Molina , S. and Borkovec , T. D. 1994 . “ The Penn State Worry Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and associated characteristics ” . In Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment and treatment , Edited by: Davey , G. C. L. and Tallis , F. 265 – 283 . Chichester : Wiley .
  • Morrow , L. , Vrtunski , P. B. , Kim , Y. and Boiler , F. 1981 . Arousal responses to emotional stimuli and laterality of lesions . Neuropsychologia , 19 : 65 – 71 .
  • Mountz , J. M , Modell , J. G. , Wilson , M. W. , Curtis , G. C. , Lee , M. A. , Schmaltz , S. and Kuhl , D. E. 1989 . Positron emission tomographic evaluation of cerebral blood flow during state anxiety in simple phobia . Archives of General Psychiatry , 46 : 501 – 504 .
  • Myslobodsky , M. S. and Horesh , N. 1978 . Bilateral electrodermal activity in depressive patients . Biological Psychiatry , 6 : 111 – 120 .
  • Nitschke , J. B. , Heller , W. , Etienne , M. A. and Miller , G. A. 1995 . Specificity of frontal EEG asymmetry in anxiety and depression during emotion processing. [Abstract] . Psychophysiology , 32 : S56
  • Nitschke , J. B. , Heller , W. , Etienne , M. A. , Taitano , E. K. , Cecola , T. A. and Miller , G. A. 1994 . Moderating effects of extraversion on regional brain activity in anxiety. [Abstract] . Psychophysiology , 31 : S72
  • Nitschke , J. B. , Heller , W. , Imig , J. and Miller , G. A. Distinguishing dimensions of anxiety and depression submitted
  • Nitschke , J. B. , Heller , W. and Miller , G. A. Attentional bias in the physiology and psychology of extraversion: A neuropsychological replacement in prep
  • Nordhal , T. E. , Semple , W. E. , Gross , M. , Mellman , T. A. , Stein , M. B. , Goyer , P. , King , A. C. , Uhlde , T. W. and Cohen , R. M. 1990 . Cerebral glucose metabolic differences in patients with panic disorder . Neuropsychopharmacology , 3 : 261 – 272 .
  • Post , R. M. , DeLisi , L. E. , Holcomb , H. H. , Uhde , T. W. , Cohen , R. and Buchsbaum , M. 1987 . Glucose utilization in the temporal cortex of affectively ill patients: Position emission tomography . Biological Psychiatry , 22 : 545 – 553 .
  • Reiman , E. M. , Raichle , M. E. , Butler , F. K. , Herscovitch , P. and Robins , E. 1984 . A focal brain abnormality in panic disorder, a severe form of anxiety . Nature , 310 : 683 – 685 .
  • Reivich , M. , Gur , R. and Alavi , A. 1983 . Positron emission tomographic studies of sensory stimuli, cognitive processes and anxiety . Human Neurobiology , 2 : 25 – 33 .
  • Robinson , D. L. , Boston , J. D. , Starkstein , S. E. and Price , T. R. 1988 . Comparison of mania and depression after brain damage: Causal factors . American Journal of Psychiatry , 145 : 142 – 148 .
  • Sackeim , H. A. , Greenberg , MS. , Weiman , A. L. , Gur , R. C. , Hungerbuhler , J. P. and Geschwind , N. 1982 . Hemispheric asymmetry in the expression of positive and negative emotions: Neurological evidence . Archives of Neurology , 39 : 210 – 218 .
  • Schaffer , C. E. , Davidson , R. J. and Saron , C. 1983 . Frontal and parietal electroencephalogram asymmetry in depressed and nondepressed subjects . Biological Psychiatry , 18 : 753 – 762 .
  • Stewart , R. S. , De vous , M. D. , Rush , A. J. , Lane , L. and Bonte , F. J. 1988 . Cerebral blood flow changes during sodium-lactate-induced panic attacks . American Journal of Psychiatry , 145 : 442 – 449 .
  • Swedo , S. E. , Schapiro , M. B. , Grady , C. L. , Cheslow , D. L. , Leonard , H. L. , Kumar , A. , Friedland , R. , Rapoport , S. I. and Rapoport , J. L. 1989 . Cerebral glucose metabolism in childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder . Archives of General Psychiatry , 46 : 518 – 523 .
  • Tomarken , A. J. and Davidson , R. J. 1994 . Frontal brain activation in repressers and nonrepressors . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 103 : 339 – 349 .
  • Tomarken , A. J. , Davidson , R. J. , Wheeler , R. E. and Doss , R. C. 1992 . Individual differences in anterior brain asymmetry and fundamental dimensions of emotion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 62 : 676 – 687 .
  • Tomarken , A J. , Davidson , R. J. , Wheeler , R. E. and Kinney , L. 1992 . Psychometric properties of resting anterior EEG asymmetry: Temporal stability and internal consistency . Psychophysiology , 29 : 576 – 592 .
  • Tucker , D. M. 1981 . Lateral brain function, emotion, and conceptualization . Psychological Bulletin , 89 : 19 – 46 .
  • Tucker , D. M. 1988 . “ Neuropsychological mechanisms of affective self-regulation ” . In Cerebral hemisphere function in depression , Edited by: Kinsbourne , M. 99 – 131 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
  • Tucker , D. M. , Antes , J. R. , Stenslie , C. E. and Barnhardt , T. M. 1978 . Anxiety and lateral cerebral function . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 87 : 380 – 383 .
  • Tucker , D. M. , Roth , R. S. , Arneson , B. A. and Buckingham , V. 1977 . Right hemisphere activation during stress . Neuropsychologia , 15 : 697 – 700 .
  • Tucker , D. M. , Stenslie , C. E. , Roth , R. S. and Shearer , S. L. 1981 . Right frontal lobe activation and right hemisphere performance: Decrement during a depressed mood . Archives of General Psychiatry , 38 : 169 – 174 .
  • Tucker , D. M. and Williamson , P. A. 1984 . Asymmetric neural control systems in human self-regulation . Psychological Review , 91 : 185 – 215 .
  • Tyler , S. K. and Tucker , D. M. 1982 . Anxiety and perceptual structure: Individual differences in neuropsychological function . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 91 : 210 – 220 .
  • Uytdenhoef , P. , Portelange , P. , Jacquy , J. , Charles , G. , Linkowski , P. and Mendlewicz , J. 1983 . Reigonal cerebral blood flow and lateralized hemispheric dysfunction in depression . British Journal of Psychiatry , 143 : 128 – 132 .
  • Valenstein , E. and Heilman , K. M. 1984 . “ Emotional disorders resulting from lesions of the central nervous system ” . In Clinicalneuropsychology , Edited by: Heilman , K. M. and Valenste , E. 413 – 438 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Watson , D. , Clark , L. A. , Weber , K. , Assenheimer , J. S. , Strauss , M. E. and McCormick , R. A. 1995a . Testing a tripartite model: II. Exploring the symptom structure of anxiety and depression in student, adult, and patient samples . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 104 : 15 – 25 .
  • Watson , D. , Weber , K. , Assenheimer , J. S. , Clark , L. A. , Strauss , M. E. and McCormick , R. A. 1995b . Testing a tripartite model: I. Evaluating the convergent and discriminant validity of anxiety and depression symptom scales . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 104 : 3 – 14 .
  • Wittling , W. 1990 . Psychophysiological correlates of human brain asymmetry: Blood pressure changes during lateralized presentation of an emotionally laden film . Neuropsychologia , 28 : 457 – 470 .
  • Wittling , W. 1995 . “ Brain asymmetry in the control of autonomie-physiologie activity ” . In Brain asymmetry , Edited by: Davidson , RJ. and Hugdahl , K. 305 – 357 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Wu , J. C. , Buchsbaum , M. S. , Hershey , T. G. , Hazlett , E. , Sicotte , N. and Johnson , J. C. 1991 . PET in generalized anxiety disorder . Biological Psychiatry , 29 : 1181 – 1199 .
  • Yeudall , L. T. , Schopflocher , D. , Sussman , P. S. , Barabash , W. , Warneke , I. B. , Gill , D. , Otto , W. , Howarth , B. and Termansen , P. E. 1983 . “ Panic attack syndrome with and without agoraphobia: Neuropsychological and evoked potential correlates ” . In Laterally and psychopathology , Edited by: Flor-Henry , P. and Gruzelier , J. 195 – 216 . New York : Elsevier .
  • Zimmerman , M. , Coryell , W. and Pfohl , B. 1986 . Melancholic subtyping: A qualitative or quantitative distinction? . American Journal of Psychiatry , 143 : 98 – 100 .
  • Zoccolotti , P. , Caltagirone , C. , Benedetti , N. and Gainotti , G. 1986 . Perturbation des responses vegetatives aux stimuli émotionnels au cours des lésions hémisphériques unilatérales . Encéphale (Paris) , 12 : 263 – 268 .
  • Zoccolotti , P. , Scabini , D. and Violani , C. 1982 . Electrodermal responses in patients with unilateral brain damage . Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology , 4 : 143 – 150 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.