2,974
Views
261
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Social Anxiety and Attention away from Emotional Faces

Pages 673-690 | Published online: 10 Sep 2010

References

  • Amir , N. , McNally , R. J. , Riemann , B. C. , Burns , J. , Lorenz , M. and Mullen , J. T. 1996 . Suppression of the emotional Stroop effect by increased anxiety in patients with social phobia . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 34 : 945 – 948 .
  • Asmundson , G. J. G. and Stein , M. B. 1994 . Selective processing of social threat on patients with generalised social phobia: evaluation using a dot-probe paradigm . Journal of Anxiety Disorders , 8 : 107 – 117 .
  • Beck , A. T. , Emery , G. and Greenberg , R. L. 1985 . Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective , New York : Harper Collins .
  • Beck , A. T. , Rush , A. J. , Shaw , B. F. and Emery , G. 1979 . Cognitive therapy of depression , New York : Guilford Press .
  • Bradley , B. P. , Mogg , K. , Falla , S. J. and Hamilton , L. R. 1998 . Attentional bias for threatening facial expressions in anxiety: Manipulation of stimulus duration . Cognition and Emotion , 12 : 737 – 753 .
  • Bradley , B. P. , Mogg , K. , Millar , N. , Bonham-Carter , C. , Fergusson , E. , Jenkins , J. and Parr , M. 1997 . Attentional biases for emotional faces . Cognition and Emotion , 11 : 25 – 42 .
  • Byrne , A. and Eysenck , M. W. 1995 . Trait anxiety, anxious mood, and threat detection . Cognition and Emotion , 9 : 549 – 562 .
  • Clark , D. M. and Wells , A. 1995 . “ A cognitive model of social phobia ” . In Social phobia: diagonosis. assessment and treatment , Edited by: Heimberg , R. , Liebowitz , M. , Hope , D. A. and Schneier , F. R. 69 – 93 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Curt is , R. C. and Miller , K. 1986 . Believing another likes or dislikes you: Behaviours making the beliefs come true . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 284 – 290 .
  • Darwin , C. 1872 . The expression of the emotions in man and animals , London : John Murray .
  • Ehlers , A. and Breuer , P. 1995 . Selective attention to physical threat in subjects with panic attacks and simple phobias . Journal of Anxiety Disorders , 9 : 11 – 32 .
  • Eysenck , M. W. 1992 . Anxiety: the cognitive perspective , Hove, , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
  • Eysenck , M. W. 1997 . Anxiety and cognition: a unified theory , Hove, , UK : Psychology Press .
  • Hackmann , A. , Surawy , C. and Clark , D. M. 1998 . Seeing yourself through others' eyes: a study of spontaneously occurring images in social phobia . Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , 26 : 3 – 12 .
  • Hansen , C. H. and Hansen , R. D. 1988 . Finding the face in the crowd: an anger superiority effect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 917 – 924 .
  • Hartman , L. M. 1983 . A metacognitive model of social anxiety: implications for treatment . Clinical Psychology Review , 3 : 435 – 456 .
  • Hope , D. A. , Gansler , D. A. and Heimberg , R. G. 1989 . Attentional focus and causal attributions in social phobia: Implications from social psychology . Clinical Psychology Review , 9 : 49 – 60 .
  • Hope , D. A. , Rapee , R. M. , Heimberg , R. G. and Dombeck , M. J. 1990 . Representations of the self in social phobia: Vulnerability to social threat . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 14 : 177 – 189 .
  • Lavy , E. and Van den Hout , M. 1993 . Selective attention evidenced by pictorial and linguistic Stroop tasks . Behavior Therapy , 24 : 645 – 657 .
  • Leary , M. R. and Kowalski , R. M. 1995 . Social anxiety , New York : Guilford Press .
  • MacLeod , C. and Mathews , A. 1988 . Anxiety and the allocation of attention to threat . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology , 38 : 659 – 670 .
  • MacLeod , C. , Mathews , A. and Tata , P. 1986 . Attentional bias in emotional disorders . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 95 : 15 – 20 .
  • MacMillan , N. A. and Creelman , C. D. 1991 . Detection theory: a user's guide , Cambridge, , UK : University Press .
  • Mansell , W. and Clark , D. M. 1999 . How do I appear to others? Social anxiety and processing of the observable self . Behaviour Research and Therapy ,
  • Martin , M. , Williams , R. and Clark , D. M. 1991 . Does anxiety lead to selective processing of threat cues? . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 29 : 147 – 160 .
  • Mathews , A. 1997 . “ Information-processing biases in emotional disorders ” . In Science and practice of cognitive behaviour therapy , Edited by: Clark , D. M. and Fairburn , C. G. 47 – 66 . Oxford, , UK : University Press .
  • Mathews , A. and Klug , F. 1993 . Emotionality and interference with colour-naming in anxiety . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 31 : 57 – 62 .
  • Matsumoto , D. and Ekman , P. 1988 . The Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion (JACFEE) and Neutrals (JACNeuF) [Slides] , Intercultural and Emotion Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University . 1600. Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
  • Mattia , J. I. , Heimberg , R. G. and Hope , D. A. 1993 . The revised Stroop color-naming task in social phobies . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 31 : 305 – 313 .
  • Mogg , K. and Marden , B. 1990 . Processing of emotional information in anxious subjects . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 29 : 227 – 229 .
  • Mogg , K. , Mathews , A. M. and Eysenck , M. 1992 . Attentional bias to threat in clinical anxiety states . Cognition and Emotion , 6 : 149 – 159 .
  • Paul , G. L. 1966 . Insight vs. desensitisation in psychotherapy. An experiment in anxiety reduction , Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
  • Rapee , R. M. and Heimberg , R. G. 1997 . A cognitive-behavioural model of anxiety in social phobia . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 35 : 741 – 756 .
  • Rapee , R. M. and Lim , L. 1992 . Discrepancy between self- and observer-ratings of performance in social phobies . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 101 : 728 – 731 .
  • Rosenthal , R. and Rosnow , R. 1991 . Essentials of behavioural research: methods and data analysis , New York : McGraw Hill .
  • Spielberger , C. D. , Gorsuch , R. L. , Lushene , R. E. , Vagg , P. R. and Jacobs , G. A. 1983 . Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
  • Stopa , L. and Clark , D. M. 1993 . Cognitive processes in social phobia . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 31 : 255 – 267 .
  • Thorpe , S. J. and Salkovskis , P. M. 1998 . Selective attention to real phobic and safety stimuli . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 36 : 471 – 482 .
  • Trower , P. and Gilbert , P. 1989 . New theoretical conceptions of social anxiety and social phobia . Clinical Psychology Review , 9 : 19 – 35 .
  • Turner , S. M. , Beidel , D. C. , Dancu , C. V. and Stanley , M. A. 1989 . An empirically derived inventory to measure social fears and anxiety: The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 1 : 35 – 40 .
  • Valjaca , K. and Rapee , R. M. 1998 . Detection of negative and positive audience behaviours by socially anxious subjects . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 36 : 311 – 321 .
  • Watson , D. and Friend , R. 1969 . Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 33 : 448 – 457 .
  • Wells , A. , Clark , D. M. and Ahmad , S. 1998 . How do I look in my mind's eye: perspective taking in social phobic imagery . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 36 : 631 – 634 .
  • Williams , J. M. G. , Watts , F. N. , MacLeod , C. and Mathews , A. 1988 . Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders , Chichester, , UK : Wiley .
  • Williams , J. M. G. , Watts , F. N. , MacLeod , C. and Mathews , A. 1997 . Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders , 2nd ed. , Chichester, , UK : Wiley .
  • Yuen , P. K. 1994 . Social anxiety and the allocation of attention: Evaluation using facial stimuli in a dot-probe paradigm , UK : Dept of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford . Unpublished research project

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.