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Original Articles

Preludes to the NCAA: Early Failures of Faculty Intercollegiate Athletic Control

Pages 372-382 | Accepted 28 Jan 1982, Published online: 08 Feb 2013

References

  • 22 June 1874 . Princeton Trustees Minutes , 22 June , 351 Princeton University Archives (Hereafter called P.U.A.) .
  • The NCAA claims that it was created in 1906, but the organization was set in motion in December, 1905, when it met in New York City
  • Meiklejohn , Alexander . 1905 . “The Evils of College Athletics,” . Harper's Weekly , XLIX 2 December : 1752
  • John Lucas , A. and Ronald Smith , A. 1978 . Saga of American Sport , 221 – 224 . Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger .
  • Walter Camp , C. 1884 . “College Athletics,” . New Englander , XLIV January : 139 A. M. F. Davis in “College Athletics,” Atlantic Monthly, LI (1883), p. 676, states that college athletics were “almost exclusively under the charge of students.”
  • Hart , A. B. 1890 . “The Status of Athletics in American Colleges,” . Atlantic Monthly , XLVI July : 69
  • 1881 . Princeton Faculty Minutes , 29 April : 67 P.U.A. and Harvard Athletic Committee Minutes, 15 June 1882, p. 1, Harvard University Archives (Hereafter called H.U.A.)
  • 1873 . Princeton Faculty Minutes , 15 October : 395 13 November 1873, p. 397; 8 May 1874, p. 417; 20 November 1875, p. 480; 1 June 1877, pp. 540–541; 4 June 1877, p. 541; 11 June 1877, p. 548; 15 June 1877, pp. 548–551; 28 January 1878, p. 576; 26 January 1880, p. 19; 11 October 1880, p. 46; and 7 March 1881, p. 62, P.U.A., and the Committee of Physical Training, Athletic Sports, and Sanitary Conditions of Buildings, “Important Suggestions in Athletics,” Harvard Graduates' Magazine, VI (December 1897), pp. 193–194, indicates that the Harvard Athletic Committee was orginally organized to control (1) the number and place of games, (2) brutality and professionalism, and (3) interschool negotiations
  • 1882 . Harvard Athletic Committee Minutes , 6 November : 17 H.U.A. One of Harvard's pre-athletic committee rules limited games to Saturdays and after 4:00 p.m. on weekdays. Princeton Faculty Minutes, 13 October 1882, pp. 151–152, P.U.A., contains a report of the athletic committee regulations. The regulations forbade leaves of absence of more than eight days during any term for either the baseball or football teams, and no leaves during exams; parental permission for the leaves and a list of athletes to be filed at the registrar's office; and home matches during the week only between 12:10 p.m. and 2:45 p.m.
  • 1882 . Harvard Athletic Committee Minutes , 15 June : 1 and 7 October 1882, p. 10, H.U.A.
  • Henry Sheldon , D. 1901 . Student Life and Customs , 246 New York : D. Appleton & Co. .
  • Eliot , C. W. 1934 . “The Charles W. Eliot Centennial,” . Journal of Physical Education , V March : 24 letter to other college presidents, 11 September 1882, as quoted in Luther W. Warren, Dartmouth Faculty Records, 18 September 1882, Dartmouth College Archives; and Yale University Faculty Minutes, 4 October 1882, Yale University Archives. The concern over professionalism had evidently followed Harvard's hiring of a professional baseball coach in 1881 and the participation against professionals and thus contact with what were considered the lower elements of the major league teams. The Harvard athletic committee forbade coach Robinson's employment following the 1882 season. See Harvard Athletic Committee Minutes, 17 June 1882, p. 4, and 27 September 1882, p. 5, H.U.A.
  • 1882 . Yale University Faculty Minutes , 11 October Yale University Archives
  • 1882 . Harvard Athletic Committee Minutes , 4 October : 7 14 October 1882, p. 13; and 17 October 1882, H.U.A.
  • 1883 . Ibid , 10 December : 27 – 30 .
  • John White , W. , Chaplin , W. S. and Hart , A. B. 12 June 1888 . “Athletic Report,” 12 June , 13 – 14 . HUD 8388.3B, H.U.A.; Edward M. Hartwell, “Physical Training in American Colleges and Universities,” Bureau of Education Circular of Information No. 5, 1885 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1886, pp. 125–128; and Dudley A. Sargent, “History of the Administration of Intercollegiate Athletics in the United States,” American Physical Education Review, XV (1910), pp. 252–253
  • 1884 . Harvard Crimson , 14 February : 1 White and others, Ibid, 22 February 1884, p. 1; and 23 February 1884, p. 1
  • White and others . Ibid , 14
  • 7 March 1884 . Harvard Athletic Committee Minutes , 7 March , 35 H.U.A. .
  • 1884 . Harvard Crimson , 26 February : 1
  • 1884 . Ibid , 22 February : 1
  • 1884 . Ibid , 6 March : 1 and 12 March 1884, p. 1
  • Richards , E. L. 18 February 1884 . 18 February , 1 Letter to W. M. Sloan, as quoted in the Harvard Crimson, 21 February 1884
  • 24 January 1884 . 24 January , 1 As quoted in the Harvard Crimson
  • 1886 . The [Brown College] Brunonian , 18 December : 114 125 and Bruce Leslie, “The Responses of Four Colleges to the Rise of Intercollegiate Athletics,” Journal of Sport History, III (Winter 1976), p. 216
  • Camp , Walter . 1 March 1884 . 1 March , 2 letter to the New York Times, as quoted in the Harvard Crimson
  • Hart , A. B. 27 November 1888 . 27 November , 190 – 191 . H.U.A . Reviewed the history of inter-institutional attempts to control athletics in the Harvard Athletic Committee Minutes
  • 1897-1904 . Newspaper clipping, 17 February 1898, Brown University College Scrapbook, Brown University Archives (Hereafter called B.U.A.)
  • 8 February 1898 . Brown University Faculty Minutes , 8 February , B.U.A. .
  • 1898 . Brown Daily Herald , 18 February : 1 Cornell sent no student representative. Professor William H. Munro, Brown, was elected Chairman, with Harvard alumnus F. W. Moore chosen as secretary
  • 19 February 1898 . 19 February , 1 Ibid., and newspaper clipping, 19 February 1898, Brown University College Scrapbook, 1897–1904, B.U.A.
  • “Conference on Intercollegiate Athletics, 1898,” early draft, B.U.A.
  • Ibid. Compare the early draft to the published document
  • Wilfred Munro , H. April 1898 . April , 5 B.U.A. . (Brown University), Benjamin I. Wheeler (University of California representing Cornell University), James F. Kemp (Columbia University), Louis M. Dennis (Cornell University), Ira N. Hollis (Harvard University), George S. Patterson (University of Pennsylvania), and Henry B. Fine (Princeton University), “Report on Intercollegiate Sports,” ca
  • Ibid.
  • 9 Ibid.
  • John Lucas , A. and Ronald Smith , A. 1978 . Saga of American Sport , 197 – 199 . Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger .
  • Guy Lewis , M. 1967 . “America's First Intercollegiate Sport: Regattas from 1852–1875,” . Research Quarterly , XXXVIII December : 642
  • Charles Eliot , W. 19 October 1869 . “Inaugural Address,” , 19 October , 22 H.U.A. .
  • 10 December 1883 . 10 December , 27 H.U.A. . Quoting Yale Professor Thatcher, Harvard Athletic Committee Minutes
  • Santayana , George . 1894 . “Philosophy on the Bleachers,” . Harvard Monthly , XVIII July : 181 – 190 .
  • “Conference on Intercollegiate Athletics, 1898,” early draft, B.U.A.
  • Ronald Smith , A. 1980 . “Winning and a Theory of Competitive Athletics,” . In Sport and the Humanities: A Collection of Original Essays , Edited by: William Morgan , J. 44 – 50 . Knoxville : The Bureau of Education Research, University of Tennessee .
  • April 1898 . April , 10 – 14 . B.U.A. . “Report on Intercollegiate Sports,” ca.
  • James Kemp , F. 1901 . “History of Faculty Control at Columbia,” . Columbia University Quarterly , IV December : 39 – 40 . C. W. Eliot, “President Eliot's Report,” Harvard Graduates' Magazine, IX (March 1901), p. 452; and Francis A. March, Jr., Athletics at Lafayette College (Easton, PA: Lafayette College, 1923), p. 152
  • April 1898 . April , 10 B.U.A. . “Report on Intercollegiate Sports,” ca.
  • Augustus Hemenway, Robert Bacon, and Theodore Roosevelt (The Committee on Physical Training, Athletic Sports, and Sanitary Condition of Buildings) . 1897 . “Important Suggestions in Athletics,” . Harvard Graduates' Maagazine , VI December : 195 – 196 . Emphasis added
  • Ira Hollis , N. 19 November 1900 . 19 November , letter to Charles W. Eliot, Eliot Papers, Box 110, Folder 143, “Hollis,” H.U.A.
  • Ibid.
  • George Kirchwey , W. 14 July 1902 . 14 July , letter to President Nicholas Murray Butler, Columbia, “Athletics” Folder, Columbia University Central Files
  • Whitney , Caspar . 1902 . “The Guiding Hand of Faculty in College Sports,” . Outing , XL July : 497 As quoted in
  • Lewis , Guy . 1969 . “Theodore Roosevelt's Role in the 1905 Football Controversy,” . Research Quarterly , XL December : 717 – 724 . and Ronald A. Smith, “Harvard and Columbia and a Reconsideration of the 1905–06 Football Crisis,” Journal of Sport History, VIII (Winter 1981), pp. 5–19
  • 10 January 1906 . 10 January , 548 H.U.A. . As quoted in the Harvard Athletic Committee Minutes

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