Effects of Modeled Auditory Information on a Sequential Timing Task

References

• Adams , J. A. 1987 . Historical review and appraisal of research on the learning, retention, and transfer of human motor skills . Psychological Bulletin , 101 : 41 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein , N. A. 1967 . The co-ordination and regulation of movement , Oxford : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Doody , S. G. , Bird , A. M. and Ross , D . 1985 . The effect of auditory and visual models on acquisition of a timing skill . Human Movement Science , 47 : 271 – 281 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler , C. A. and Turvey , M. T. 1978 . “ Skill acquisition: An event approach with special reference to searching for the optimum of a function of several variables ” . In Information processing in motor control and learning , Edited by: Stelmach , G. E. 1 – 40 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Keele , S. W. , Davidson , M. and Hayes , A . 1998 . “ Sequential representation and the neural basis of motor skills ” . In Motor behavior and human skill: A multidisciplinary approach , Edited by: Piek , J. P. 3 – 28 . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Keele , S. W. , Jennings , P. , Jones , S. , Caulton , D. and Cohen , A . 1995 . On the modularity of sequence . Journal of Motor Behavior , 27 : 17 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelso , J. A.S. 1997 . Relative timing in brain and behavior: Some observations about the generalized motor program and self-organized coordination dynamics . Human Movement Science , 16 : 453 – 460 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelso , J. A. S. , Putnam , C. A. and Goodman , D . 1983 . On the nature of human interlimb coordination . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 35A : 347 – 375 .
   Google Scholar
• Kohl , R. M. and Shea , C. H. 1995 . Augmenting motor response with auditory information: Guidance hypothesis implications . Human Performance , 8 : 327 – 343 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai , Q. and Shea , C. H. 1998 . Generalized motor program (GMP) learning: Effects of reduced frequency of knowledge of results and practice variability . Journal of Motor Behavior , 30 : 51 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai , Q. and Shea , C. H. 1999a . Bandwidth knowledge of results enhances generalized motor program learning . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 70 : 79 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai , Q. and Shea , C. H. 1999b . The role of reduced frequency of knowledge of results during constant practice . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 70 : 33 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai , Q. , Shea , C. H. , Wulf , G. and Wright , D. L. 2000 . Optimizing generalized motor program and parameter learning . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 71 : 10 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langley , D. J. and Zelaznik , H. N. 1984 . The acquisition of time properties associated with a sequential motor skill . Journal of Motor Behavior , 16 : 275 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , T. D. , Wishart , L. R. , Cunningham , S. and Carnahan , H . 1997 . Modeled timing information during random practice eliminates the contextual interference effect . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 68 : 100 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKay , D. G. 1982 . The problem of flexibility and fluency in skilled behavior . Psychological Review , 89 : 483 – 506 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margolin , D. I. 1984 . The neuropsychology of writing and spelling: Semantic, phonological, motor, and perceptual processes . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 36A : 459 – 489 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullagh , P. and Caird , J. K. 1990 . Correct and learning models and the use of model knowledge of results in the acquisition and retention of a motor skill . Journal of Human Movement Studies , 18 : 107 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Newell , K. M. 1981 . “ Skill learning ” . In Human skills , Edited by: Holding , D. H. 203 – 226 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Newell , K. M. , Morris , L. R. and Scully , D. M. 1985 . “ Augmented information and the acquisition of skill in physical activity ” . In Exercise and sport sciences review , Edited by: Terjung , R. L. 235 – 261 . New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Park , J. , Shea , C. H. and Wright , D. L. 2000 . Reduced frequency concurrent and terminal feedback: A test of the guidance hypothesis . Journal of Motor Behavior , 32 : 287 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raibert , M. H. 1977 . Motor control and learning by the state space model , Cambridge , MA : M.I.T . (Tech. Rep. No. Al-M-351)
   Google Scholar
• Salmoni , A. W. , Schmidt , R. A. and Walter , C. B. 1984 . Knowledge of results and motor learning: A review and critical appraisal . Psychological Bulletin , 95 : 355 – 386 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , R. A. 1975 . A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning . Psychological Review , 82 : 225 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , R. A. 1988 . Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis, , 2nd ed. , Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt , R. A. 1991 . “ Frequent augmented feedback can degrade learning: Evidence and interpretations ” . In Tutorials in motor neuroscience , Edited by: Requin , J. and Stelmach , G. E. 59 – 75 . Dordrecht , , The Netherlands : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt , R. A. and Wulf , G . 1997 . Continuous concurrent feedback degrades skill learning: Implications for training and simulation . Human Factors , 39 : 509 – 525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scully , D. M. and Newell , K. M. 1985 . Observational learning and acquisition of motor skills: Toward a visual perception perspective . Journal of Human Movement Studies , 11 : 169 – 186 .
   Google Scholar
• Shea , C. H. , Lai , Q. , Wright , D. L. , Immink , M. and Black , C . Factors facilitating generalized motor program and parameter learning . Journal of Motor Behavior , (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Shea , C. H. , Wright , D. L. , Wulf , G. and Whitacre , C . 2000 . Physical and observational practice affords unique learning opportunities . Journal of Motor Behavior , 32 : 27 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shea , C. H. , Wulf , G. , Park , J. and Gaunt , B . Effects of an auditory model on the learning of relative and absolute timing . Journal of Motor Behavior , (in press)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shea , C. H. , Wulf , G. and Whitacre , C . 1999 . Enhancing training efficiency and effectiveness through the use of dyad training . Journal of Motor Behavior , 31 : 119 – 125 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherwood , D. E. 1988 . Effect of bandwidth knowledge of results on movement consistency . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 66 : 535 – 542 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki , S . 1969 . Natured by love: A new approach to education , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Vander Linden , D. W. , Cauraugh , J. H. and Greene , T. A. 1993 . The effect of frequency of kinetic feedback on learning an isometric force production task in nondisabled subjects . Physical Therapy , 73 : 79 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitacre , C. and Shea , C. H. The role of practice variability in retention, parameter transfer, and effector transfer . Journal of Motor Behavior , (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Winstein , C. J. and Schmidt , R. A. 1990 . Reduced frequency of knowledge of results enhances motor skill learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 16 : 677 – 791 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winstein , C. J. , Pohl , P. S. , Cardinale , C. , Green , A. , Scholtz , L. and Waters , C. S. 1996 . Learning a partial-weight-bearing skill: Effectiveness of two forms of feedback . Physical Therapy , 76 : 985 – 993 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf , G. , Lee , T. D. and Schmidt , R. A. 1994 . Reducing knowledge of results about relative versus absolute timing: Differential effects on learning . Journal of Motor Behavior , 26 : 362 – 369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf , G. and Schmidt , R. A. 1989 . The learning of generalized motor programs: Reducing the relative frequency of knowledge of results enhances memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 15 : 748 – 757 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf , G. , Schmidt , R. A. and Deubel , H . 1993 . Reduced feedback frequency enhances generalized motor program learning but not parameterization learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 19 : 1134 – 1150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelaznik , H. N. , Shapiro , D. C. and Newell , K. M. 1978 . On the structure of motor recognition memory . Journal of Motor Behavior , 10 : 313 – 323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelaznik , H. N. and Spring , J . 1976 . Feedback in response recognition and production . Journal of Motor behavior , 8 : 309 – 312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar