141
Views
23
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Physiology

A Triple Iron Triathlon Leads to a Decrease in Total Body Mass But Not to Dehydration

, , &
Pages 319-327 | Published online: 23 Jan 2013

References

  • Armstrong , L. E. , Maresh , C. M. , Castellani , J. W. , Bergeron , M. F. , Kenefick , R. W. , LaGasse , K. E. and Riebe , D. 1994 . Urinary indices of hydration status . International Journal of Sport Nutrition , 4 : 265 – 279 .
  • Armstrong , L. E. , Soto , J. A. , Hacker , F. T. Jr. , Casa , D. J. , Kavouras , S. A. and Maresh , C. M. 1998 . Urinary indices during dehydration, exercise, and rehydration . International Journal of Sport Nutrition , 8 : 345 – 355 .
  • Ball , S. D. , Altena , T. S. and Swan , P. D. 2004 . Comparison of anthropometry to DXA: A new prediction equation for men . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 58 : 1525 – 1531 .
  • Beaumont, van W. 1972 . Evaluation of hemoconcentration from hematocrit measurements . Journal of Applied Physiology , 31 : 712 – 713 .
  • Becque , M. D. , Katch , V. L. and Moffatt , R. J. 1986 . Time course of skin-plus-fat compression in males and females . Human Biology , 58 : 33 – 42 .
  • Berneis , K. and Keller , U. 2000 . Bioelectrical impedance analysis during acute changes of extracellular osmolality in man . Clinical Nutrition , 19 : 361 – 366 .
  • Bircher , S. , Enggist , A. , Jehle , T. and Knechtle , B. 2006 . Effects of an extreme endurance race on energy balance and body composition—A case report . Journal of Sports Science and Medicine , 5 : 154 – 162 .
  • Fallon , K. E. , Sivyer , G. , Sivyer , K. and Dare , A. 1999 . The biochemistry of runners in a 1,600 km ultramarathon . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 33 : 264 – 269 .
  • Frykman , P. N. , Harman , E. A. , Opstad , P. K. , Hoyt , R. W. , DeLany , J. P. and Friedl , K. E. 2003 . Effects of a 3-month endurance event on physical performance and body composition: The G2 trans-Greenland expedition . Wilderness & Environmental Medicine , 14 : 240 – 248 .
  • Gastmann , U. , Dimeo , F. , Huonker , M. , Böcker , J. , Steinacker , J. M. Petersen , K. G. 1998 . Ultratriathlon-related blood-chemical and endocrinological responses in nine athletes . The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness , 38 : 18 – 23 .
  • Häkkinen , K. , Mero , A. and Kauhanen , H. 1989 . Specifity of endurance, sprint and strength training on physical performance capacity in young athletes . The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness , 29 : 27 – 35 .
  • Helge , J. W. , Lundby , C. , Christensen , D. L. , Langfort , J. , Messonnier , L. Zacho , M. 2003 . Skiing across the Greenland icecap: Divergent effects on limb muscle adaptations and substrate oxidation . The Journal of Experimental Biology , 206 : 1075 – 1083 .
  • Hew-Butler , T. , Collins , M. , Bosch , A. , Sharwood , K. , Wilson , G. Armstrong , M. 2007 . Maintenance of plasma volume and serum concentration despite body weight loss in Ironman triathletes . Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine , 17 : 116 – 122 .
  • Höchli , D. , Schneiter , T. , Ferretti , G. , Howald , H. , Claassen , H. Moia , G. 1995 . Loss of muscle oxidative capacity after an extreme endurance run: The Paris-Dakar Foot-Race . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 16 : 343 – 346 .
  • Janssen , G. M. , Degenaar , C. P. , Menheere , P. P. , Habets , H. M. and Geurten , P. 1989 . Plasma urea, creatinine, uric acid, albumin, and total protein concentrations before and after 15-, 25-, and 42-km contests . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 10 : S132 – S138 .
  • Jebb , S. A. , Cole , T. J. , Doman , D. , Murgatroyd , P. D. and Prentice , A. M. 2000 . Evaluation of the novel Tanita body-fat analyser to measure body composition by comparison with a four-compartment model . British Journal of Nutrition , 83 : 115 – 122 .
  • Kao , W. F. , Shyu , C. H. , Yang , X. W. , Hsu , T. F. , Chen , J. J. Kao , W. C. 2008 . Athletic performance and serial weight changes during 12- and 24-hour ultramarathons . Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine , 18 : 155 – 158 .
  • Kavouras , S. A. 2002 . Assessing hydration status . Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care , 5 : 519 – 524 .
  • Kimber , N. E. , Ross , J. J. , Mason , S. L. and Speedy , D. B. 2002 . Energy balance during an Ironman triathlon in male and female triathletes . International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism , 12 : 47 – 62 .
  • Knechtle , B. , Duff , B. , Amtmann , G. and Kohler , G. 2008 . An ultratriathlon leads to a decrease of body fat and skeletal muscle mass—The Triple Iron Triathlon Austria 2006 . Research in Sports Medicine , 16 : 1 – 14 .
  • Knechtle , B. , Enggist , A. and Jehle , T. 2005 . Energy turnover at the Race across America (RAAM) . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 26 : 499 – 503 .
  • Knechtle , B. and Kohler , G. 2007 . Running 338 kilometres within five days has no effect on body mass and body fat but reduces skeletal muscle mass—The Isarrun 2006 . Journal of Sports Science and Medicine , 6 : 401 – 407 .
  • Knechtle , B. , Knechtle , P. , Schück , R. , Andonie , J. L. and Kohler , G. 2008 . Effects of a deca iron triathlon on body composition—A case study . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 29 : 343 – 351 .
  • Knechtle , B. , Salas , O. F. , Andonie , J. L. and Kohler , G. 2008 . Effect of a multistage ultraendurance triathlon on body composition: World Challenge Deca Iron Triathlon 2006 . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 42 : 121 – 125 .
  • Knechtle , B. , Schwanke , M. , Knechtle , P. and Kohler , G. 2008 . Decrease of body fat during an ultraendurance triathlon is associated with race intensity . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 42 : 609 – 613 .
  • Laursen , P. B. , Suriano , R. , Quod , M. J. , Lee , H. , Abbiss , C. R. Nosaka , K. 2006 . Core temperature and hydration status during an Ironman triathlon . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 40 : 320 – 325 .
  • Lee , R. C. , Wang , Z. , Heo , M. , Ross , R. , Janssen , I. and Heymsfield , S. B. 2000 . Total-body skeletal muscle mass: Development and cross-validation of anthropometric prediction models . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 72 : 796 – 803 .
  • Lehmann , M. , Huonker , M. and Dimeo , F. 1995 . Serum amino acid concentrations in nine athletes before and after the 1993 Colmar Ultra Triathlon . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 16 : 155 – 159 .
  • Lepers , R. 2008 . Analysis of Hawaii Ironman performances in elite triathletes from 1981 to 2007 . Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise , 40 : 1828 – 1834 .
  • Neumayr , G. , Pfister , R. , Hoertnagl , H. , Mitterbauer , G. , Getzner , W. Ulmer , H. 2003 . The effect of marathon cycling on renal function . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 24 : 131 – 137 .
  • Neumayr , G. , Pfister , R. , Hoertnagl , H. , Mitterbauer , G. , Prokop , W. and Joannidis , M. 2005 . Renal function and plasma volume following ultramarathon cycling . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 26 : 2 – 8 .
  • Noakes , T. 2002 . Hyponatremia in distance runners: Fluid and sodium balance during exercise . Current Sports Medicine Reports , 1 : 197 – 207 .
  • O’Brien , C. , Young , A. J. and Sawka , M. N. 2002 . Bioelectrical impedance to estimate changes in hydration status . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 23 : 361 – 366 .
  • Pastene , J. , Germain , M. , Allevard , A. M. , Gharib , C. and Lacour , J. R. 1996 . Water balance during and after marathon running . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 73 : 49 – 55 .
  • Pialoux , V. , Mischler , I. , Mounier , R. , Gachon , P. , Ritz , P. , Coudert , J. and Fellmann , N. 2004 . Effect of equilibrated hydration changes on total body water estimates by bioelectrical impedance analysis . British Journal of Nutrition , 91 : 153 – 159 .
  • Raschka , C. and Plath , M. 1992 . Body fat compartment and its relationship to food intake and clinical chemical parameters during extreme endurance performance . Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin und Traumatologie , 40 : 13 – 25 .
  • Raschka , C. , Plath , M. , Cerull , R. , Bernhard , W. , Jung , K. and Leitzmann , C. 1991 . Das Körpermuskelkompartiment und seine Beziehungen zu Nahrungsaufnahme und Blutchemie unter einer extremen Ausdauerbelastung [The body muscle compartment and its relationship to food absorption and blood chemistry during an extreme endurance performance] . Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft , 30 : 276 – 288 .
  • Reid , S. A. and King , M. J. 2007 . Serum biochemistry and morbidity among runners presenting for medical care after an Australian mountain ultramarathon . Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine , 17 : 307 – 310 .
  • Sharwood , K. , Collins , M. , Goedecke , J. , Wilson , G. and Noakes , T. 2002 . Weight changes, sodium levels, and performance in the South African Ironman Triathlon . Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine , 12 : 391 – 399 .
  • Sharwood , K. A. , Collins , M. , Goedecke , J. H. , Wilson , G. and Noakes , T. D. 2004 . Weight changes, medical complications, and performance during an Ironman triathlon . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 38 : 718 – 724 .
  • Shireffs , S. M. 2003 . Markers of hydration status . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 57 : S6 – S9 .
  • Speedy , D. B. , Campbell , R. , Mulligan , G. , Robinson , D. J. , Walker , C. , Gallagher , P. and Arts , J. H. 1997 . Weight changes and serum sodium concentrations after an ultradistance multisport triathlon . Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine , 7 : 100 – 103 .
  • Speedy , D. B. , Faris , J. G. , Hamlin , M. , Gallagher , P. G. and Campbell , R. G. 1997 . Hyponatremia and weight changes in an ultradistance triathlon . Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine , 7 : 180 – 184 .
  • Speedy , D. B. , Noakes , T. D. , Kimber , N. E. , Rogers , I. R. , Thompson , J. M. Boswell , D. R. 2001 . Fluid balanceduring and after an Ironman triathlon . Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine , 11 : 44 – 50 .
  • Whiting , P. H. , Maughan , R. J. and Miller , J. D. 1984 . Dehydration and serum biochemical changes in marathon runners . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 52 : 183 – 187 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.