The Influence of Epoch Length on Physical Activity Patterns Varies by Child's Activity Level

References

• Aires, L., Silva, P., Silva, G., Santos, M. P., Ribeiro, J. C., & Mota, J. (2010). Intensity of physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body mass index in youth. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 7, 54–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, L. B., Harro, M., Sardinha, L. B., Froberg, K., Ekelund, U., Brage, S., & Anderssen, S. A. (2006). Physical activity and clustered cardiovascular risk in children: A cross-sectional study (the European Youth Heart Study). Lancet, 368, 299–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, R. C., Olson, J., Pepper, S. L., Porszasz, J., Barstow, T. J., & Cooper, D. M. (1995). The level and tempo of children's physical activities: An observational study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 27, 1033–1041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baquet, G., Stratton, G., Van Praagh, E., & Berthoin, S. (2007). Improving physical activity assessment in prepubertal children with high-frequency accelerometry monitoring: A methodological issue. Preventative Medicine, 44, 143–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1999). Measuring agreement in method comparison studies. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 8, 135–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brage, S., Wedderkopp, N., Ekelund, U., Franks, P. W., Wareham, N. J., Andersen, L. B., & Froberg, K. (2004a). Features of the metabolic syndrome are associated with objectively measured physical activity and fitness in Danish children: The European Youth Heart Study (EYHS). Diabetes Care, 27, 2141–2148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brage, S., Wedderkopp, N., Ekelund, U., Franks, P. W., Wareham, N. J., Andersen, L. B., & Froberg, K. (2004b). Objectively measured physical activity correlates with indices of insulin resistance in Danish children. The European Youth Heart Study (EYHS). International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders, 28, 1503–1508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cain, K. L., Sallis, J. F., Conway, T. L., Van Dyck, D., & Calhoon, L. (2012). Using accelerometers in youth physical activity studies: A review of methods. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 10, 437–450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, V., Stone, M., & Faulkner, G. (2014). Patterns of sedentary behavior and weight status among children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 26, 95–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaput, J. P., Leduc, G., Boyer, C., Belanger, P., LeBlanc, A. G., Borghese, M. M., & Tremblay, M. S. (2014). Objectively measured physical activity, sedentary time and sleep duration: Independent and combined associations with adiposity in Canadian children. Nutrition & Diabetes, 4, e117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1969). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dencker, M., Svensson, J., El-Naaman, B., Bugge, A., & Andersen, L. B. (2012). Importance of epoch length and registration time on accelerometer measurements in younger children. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 52, 115–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorsey, K. B., Herrin, J., & Krumholz, H. M. (2011). Patterns of moderate and vigorous physical activity in obese and overweight compared with non-overweight children. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 6, e547–e555. doi:10.3109/17477166.2010.490586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwardson, C. L., & Gorely, T. (2010). Epoch length and its effect on physical activity intensity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 42, 928–934. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c301f5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekelund, U., Anderssen, S. A., Froberg, K., Sardinha, L. B., Andersen, L. B., Brage, S., & European Youth Heart Study Group (2007). Independent associations of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness with metabolic risk factors in children: The European Youth Heart Study. Diabetologia, 50, 1832–1840. doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0762-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabriel, K. P., McClain, J. J., Schmid, K. K., Storti, K. L., High, R. R., Underwood, D. A., … Kriska, A. M. (2010). Issues in accelerometer methodology: The role of epoch length on estimates of physical activity and relationships with health outcomes in overweight, post-menopausal women. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7, 53. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guinhouya, C. B., Hubert, H., Soubrier, S., Vilhelm, C., Lemdani, M., & Durocher, A. (2006). Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity among children: Discrepancies in accelerometry-based cut-off points. Obesity, 14, 774–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, K. C., Kuramoto, L. K., Schulzer, M., & Retallack, J. E. (2009). Effect of school-based physical activity interventions on body mass index in children: A meta-analysis. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 180, 719–726. doi:10.1503/cmaj.080966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healy, G. N., Dunstan, D. W., Salmon, J., Cerin, E., Shaw, J. E., Zimmet, P. Z., & Owen, N. (2008). Breaks in sedentary time: Beneficial associations with metabolic risk. Diabetes Care, 31, 661–666. doi:10.2337/dc07-2046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell, D. C. (2002). Statistical methods for psychology (5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth Group.
   Google Scholar
• Janssen, I., & Leblanc, A. G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7, 40. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y., Beets, M. W., Pate, R. R., & Blair, S. N. (2013). The effect of reintegrating Actigraph accelerometer counts in preschool children: Comparison using different epoch lengths. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport/Sports Medicine Australia, 16, 129–134. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2012.05.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavelle, H. V., Mackay, D. F., & Pell, J. P. (2012). Systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based interventions to reduce body mass index. Journal of Public Health, 34, 360–369. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdr116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leger, L. A., Mercier, D., Gadoury, C., & Lambert, J. (1988). The multistage 20 metre shuttle run test for aerobic fitness. Journal of Sport Sciences, 6, 93–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mark, A. E., & Janssen, I. (2009). Influence of bouts of physical activity on overweight in youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 36, 416–421. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Gomez, D., Eisenmann, J. C., Gomez-Martinez, S., Veses, A., Marcos, A., & Veiga, O. L. (2010). Sedentary behavior, adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents. The AFINOS study. Revista Espanola De Cardiologia, 63, 277–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Gomez, D., Tucker, J., Heelan, K. A., Welk, G. J., & Eisenmann, J. C. (2009). Associations between sedentary behavior and blood pressure in young children. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163, 724–730. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClain, J. J., Abraham, T. L., Brusseau, T. A. Jr., & Tudor-Locke, C. (2008). Epoch length and accelerometer outputs in children: Comparison to direct observation. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40, 2080–2087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nettlefold, L., McKay, H. A., Warburton, D. E., McGuire, K. A., Bredin, S. S., & Naylor, P. J. (2011). The challenge of low physical activity during the school day: At recess, lunch and in physical education. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45, 813–819. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.068072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson, A., Ekelund, U., Yngve, A., & Sjostrom, M. (2002). Assessing physical activity among children with accelerometers using different time sampling intervals and placements. Pediatric Exercise Science, 14, 87–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donovan, G., Blazevich, A. J., Boreham, C., Cooper, A. R., Crank, H., Ekelund, U., … Stamatakis, E. (2010). The ABC of physical activity for health: A consensus statement from the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28, 573–591. doi:10.1080/02640411003671212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojiambo, R., Cuthill, R., Budd, H., Konstabel, K., Casajus, J. A., Gonzalez-Aguero, A., … IDEFICS Consortium. (2011). Impact of methodological decisions on accelerometer outcome variables in young children. International Journal of Obesity, 35(Suppl. 1), S98–S103. doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly, J. J., Penpraze, V., Hislop, J., Davies, G., Grant, S., & Paton, J. Y. (2008). Objective measurement of physical activity and sedentary behaviour: Review with new data. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 93, 614–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgers, N. D., Timperio, A., Cerin, E., & Salmon, J. (2014). Compensation of physical activity and sedentary time in primary school children. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46, 1564–1569. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders, T. J., Tremblay, M. S., Mathieu, M. E., Henderson, M., O'Loughlin, J., Tremblay, A., … QUALITY Cohort Research Group (2013). Associations of sedentary behavior, sedentary bouts and breaks in sedentary time with cardiometabolic risk in children with a family history of obesity. PLoS One, 8, e79143. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strong, W. B., Malina, R. M., Blimkie, C. J., Daniels, S. R., Dishman, R. K., Gutin, B., … Trudeau, F. (2005). Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth. Journal of Pediatrics, 146, 732–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toftager, M., Christiansen, L. B., Ersboll, A. K., Kristensen, P. L., Due, P., & Troelsen, J. (2014). Intervention effects on adolescent physical activity in the multicomponent SPACE study: A cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS One, 9, e99369. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trost, S. G., Loprinzi, P. D., Moore, R., & Pfeiffer, K. A. (2011). Comparison of accelerometer cut points for predicting activity intensity in youth. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43, 1360–1368. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318206476e.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trost, S. G., Pate, R. R., Sallis, J. F., Freedson, P. S., Taylor, W. C., Dowda, M., & Sirard, J. (2002). Age and gender differences in objectively measured physical activity in youth. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 34, 350–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trost, S. G., Wong, W. K., Pfeiffer, K. A., & Zheng, Y. (2012). Artificial neural networks to predict activity type and energy expenditure in youth. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 44, 1801–1809. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318258ac11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vale, S., Santos, R., Silva, P., Soares-Miranda, L., & Mota, J. (2009). Preschool children physical activity measurement: Importance of epoch length choice. Pediatric Exercise Science, 21, 413–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasques, C., Magalhaes, P., Cortinhas, A., Mota, P., Leitao, J., & Lopes, V. P. (2014). Effects of intervention programs on child and adolescent BMI: A meta-analysis study. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 11, 426–444. doi:10.1123/jpah.2012-0035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wareham, N. J., & Rennie, K. L. (1998). The assessment of physical activity in individuals and populations: Why try to be more precise about how physical activity is assessed? International Journal of Obesity, 22(Suppl. 2), S30–S38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, W. (2012). Sadly, the earth is still round (p <  0.05). Journal of Sport and Health Science, 1, 9–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar