Contemporary Issues of Social Justice: A Focus on Race and Physical Education in the United States

References

• Adams, M. (2013). Introduction. In M. Adams, C. Castaneda, H. W. Hackman, M. L. Peters, & X. Zungia (Eds.), Readings for diversity and social justice (3rd ed., pp. 5–8). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. D. (1988). The education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935. Chapel, Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Appelbaum, Y. (2015, June 15). Rachel Dolezal and the history of passing for Black. The Atlantic. Retrieved from http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/06/rachel-dolezal-and-the-history-of-passing-for-black/395882.
   Google Scholar
• Arriola, E. R. (1996). LatCrit theory, international human rights, popular culture, and the faces of despair in INS raids. University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, 28, 245–262. doi:10.2307/40176417.
   Google Scholar
• Azzarito, L. (2009). The Panopticon of physical education: Pretty, active and ideally White. Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 14, 19–39.
   Google Scholar
• Azzarito, L., & Solomon, M. A. (2005). A reconceptualization of physical education: The intersection of gender/race/social class. Sport, Education and Society, 10, 25–47. doi:10.1080/135733205200028794.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bain, L. L. (1985). The hidden curriculum re-examined. Quest, 37, 145–153. doi:10.1080/00336297.1985.10483829.
   Google Scholar
• Banks, J. A. (2005). Cultural diversity and education: Foundations, curriculum, and teaching (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Beighle, A. (2012). Increasing physical activity through recess (Research brief). San Diego, CA: Robert Johnson Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.activelivingresearch.org/sites/default/files/ALR_Brief_Recess.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, D. A. J. (1975). Serving two masters: Integration ideals and client interests in school desegregation litigation. Yale Law Journal, 85, 470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, D. A. J. (1980). Brown v. Board of Education and the interest-convergence dilemma. Harvard Law Review, 93, 518–533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, L. A. (2010). Theoretical foundation for social justice education. In M. Adams, W. Blumenfield, P. Griffin, C. Castaneda, H. W. Hackman, M. L. Peters, & X. Zungia (Eds.), Teaching for diversity and social justice (3rd ed., pp. 1–14). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, L. A. (2013). Theoretical foundations. In M. Adams, C. Castaneda, H. W. Hackman, M. L. Peters, & X. Zungia (Eds.), Readings for diversity and social justice (3rd ed., pp. 21–26). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Benn, T. (2005). ‘Race’ and physical education, sport and dance. In K. Green & K. Hardman (Eds.), Physical education essential issues  (pp. 197–219). London, UK: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, D. D., Harrison, L., Norris, M., & Norwood, D. (2013). Why we should care about diversity in kinesiology. Kinesiology Review, 2, 145–155.
   Google Scholar
• Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
   Google Scholar
• Burden, J., Harrison, L., Jr., & Hodge, S. R. (2005). Perceptions of African American faculty in kinesiology-based programs at predominantly White American institutions of higher education. Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport, 76, 224–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burden, J., Hodge, S., & Harrison, L. (2012). Teacher educators' views about social justice pedagogies in physical education teacher education. Journal of Curriculum and Teaching, 1(1), 6–21. doi:10.5430/jct.v1n1p6.
   Google Scholar
• Carlson, D. (2003). Troubling heroes: Of Rosa Parks, multicultural education, and critical pedagogy. Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies, 3, 44–61. doi:10.1177/1532708603239267.
   Google Scholar
• Carlson, J. A., Mignano, A. M., Norman, G. J., McKenzie, T. L., Kerr, J., Arredondo, E. M.,…Sallis, J. F. (2013). Socioeconomic disparities in elementary school practices and children's physical activity during school. American Journal of Health Promotion, 28(Suppl. 3), S47–S53. doi:10.4278/ajhp.130430-QUAN-206.
   Google Scholar
• Casazza, K., Dulin-Keita, A., Gower, B. A., & Fernandez, J. R. (2009). Differential influence of diet and physical activity on components of metabolic syndrome in a multiethnic sample of children. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109, 236–244. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.10.054.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). CDC health disparities and inequalities report–United States, 2013. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 62(3)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chepyator-Thomson, J. R., You, J., & Russell, J. (2000). In-service physical education teachers: Background and understanding of multicultural education. Journal of In-Service Education, 26, 557–568. doi:10.1080/13674580000200127.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, L. D., Smith, M. P., & Harrison, L., Jr. (2014). The contradiction of the Black body: A progressive solution to health disparities in the Black community. Race, Gender & Class, 21, 82–98.
   Google Scholar
• Cochran-Smith, M. (2010). Toward a theory of teacher education for social justice. In A. Heagreaves, A. Lieberman, M. Fullan, & D. Hopkins (Eds.), Second international handbook of educational change (Vol. 23, pp. 445–467). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Cross, W. E. (1978). The Thomas and Cross models of psychological nigrescence: A review. Journal of Black Psychology, 5, 13–31. doi:10.1177/009579847800500102.
   Google Scholar
• Cross, Jr., W. E., Parham, T. A., & Helms, J. E. (1991). The stages of Black identity development: Nigrescence models. In R. Jones (Ed.), Black psychology (3rd ed., pp. 319–338). Berkeley, CA: Cobb & Henry.
   Google Scholar
• Culp, B. (2011). The strategic application and assessment of social justice in PETE programs: A primer. Physical Educator, 68, 130–139.
   Google Scholar
• Culp, B. (2013). Using archetypes to introduce social justice in PETE. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 84, 17–19. doi:10.1080/07303084.2013.757181.
   Google Scholar
• Dagkas, S., & Benn, T. (2006). Young Muslim women's experiences of Islam and physical education in Greece and Britain: A comparative study. Sport, Education and Society, 11, 21–38. doi:10.1080/13573320500255056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagkas, S., & Hunter, L. (2015). ‘Racialised’ pedagogic practices influencing young Muslims' physical culture. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 20, 547–558. doi:10.1080/17408989.2015.1048210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado, R. (1989). Storytelling for oppositionists and others: A plea for narrative. Michigan Law Review, 87, No. 2411. Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract = 1577362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2012). Critical race theory: An introduction. New York, NY: NYU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Domangue, E., & Carson, R. L. (2008). Preparing culturally competent teachers: Service-learning and physical education teacher education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 27, 347–367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Bois, W. E. B. (1993). The souls of black folk. Mineola, NY: Dover. (Original work published 1903).
   Google Scholar
• Dudziak, M. L. (1988). Desegregation as a Cold War imperative. Stanford Law Review, 41, 61–120. doi:10.2307/1228836.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudziak, M. L. (2004). Brown as a Cold War case. Journal of American History, 91, 32–42. doi:10.2307/3659611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ennis, C. D. (1995). Teachers' responses to noncompliant students: The realities and consequences of a negotiated curriculum. Teaching and Teacher Education, 11, 445–460. doi:10.1016/0742-051X(95)00010-H.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, J. (2004). Making a difference? Education and ëabilityí in physical education. European Physical Education Review, 10, 95–108. doi:10.1177/1356336X04042158.
   Google Scholar
• Fernández-Balboa, J.-M., & Megías, E. P. (2014). The conscious system for the movement technique: An ontological and holistic alternative for (Spanish) physical education in troubled times. Sport, Education and Society, 19, 1089–1106. doi:10.1080/13573322.2012.735652.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flory, S. B., & McCaughtry, N. (2011). Culturally relevant physical education in urban schools. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82, 49–60. doi:10.1080/02701367.2011.10599721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, N. (2000). Rethinking recognition. New Left Review, 3, 107–120.
   Google Scholar
• Gaddy, C. (1998). An Olympic journey: The saga of an American hero: Leroy T. Walker. Glendale, CA: Griffin.
   Google Scholar
• Gregory-Bass, R. C., Williams, R. H., Peters, B. A., & Blount, A. N. (2013). Undergraduate preparedness and partnerships to enhance diversity in kinesiology. Kinesiology Review, 2, 181–189.
   Google Scholar
• Hardiman, R., Jackson, B. W., & Griffin, P. (2013). Conceptual foundations. In M. Adams, W. Blumenfield, H. W. Hackman, M. L. Peters, & X. Zungia (Eds.), Readings for diversity and social justice (3rd ed., pp. 26–35). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, C. I. (1993). Whiteness as property. Harvard Law Review, 106, 1707–1791. doi:10.2307/1341787.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, L., Carson, R. L., & Burden, J. (2010). Physical education teachers' cultural competency. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 29, 184–198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, L., & Hodge, S. R. (2010, March). Diversifying the academy. Session presented at the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance National Convention and Expo, San Diego, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Hastie, P. A., Martin, E., & Buchanan, A. M. (2006). Stepping out of the norm: An examination of praxis for a culturally-relevant pedagogy for African-American children. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 38, 293–306. doi:10.1080/00220270500296630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez-Truyol, B. E. (1996). International law, human rights, and LatCrit theory: Civil and political rights: An introduction. University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, 28, 223.
   Google Scholar
• Hodge, S. R. (2012). Introspective voice and vision of an African American teacher educator in special (adapted) physical education. In F. E. Obiakor & R. Smith (Eds.), Special education practices: Personal narratives of African American scholars, educators, and related professionals (pp. 79–93). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science.
   Google Scholar
• Hodge, S. R. (2014). Ideological repositioning: Race, social justice, and promise. Quest, 66, 169–180. doi:10.1080/00336297.2014.898545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodge, S. R., Brooks, D. D., & Harrison, L., Jr. (2013). Summary and conclusions: How can we help enhance diversity in kinesiology? Kinesiology Review, 2, 203–215.
   Google Scholar
• Hodge, S. R., Cervantes, C. M., Vigo-Valentín, A. N., Canabal-Torres, M. Y., & Ortiz-Castillo, E. M. (2012). The Hispanic experience in physical education programs and departments. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 11, 366–387. doi:10.1177/1538192711435562.
   Google Scholar
• Hodge, S. R., & Corbett, D. R. (2013). Diversity in kinesiology: Theoretical and contemporary considerations. Kinesiology Review, 2, 156–169.
   Google Scholar
• Hodge, S. R., & Wiggins, D. K. (2010). The African American experience in physical education and kinesiology: Plight, pitfalls, and possibilities. Quest, 62, 35–60. doi:10.1080/00336297.2010.10483631.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, G. S. (1998). Getting around Brown: Desegregation, development, and the Columbus public schools. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, A. G. (2013). The social construction of difference. In M. Adams, W. Blumenfield, H. W. Hackman, M. L. Peters, & X. Zungia (Eds.), Readings for diversity and social justice (3rd ed., pp. 15–20). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kirk, D. (2014). Physical education and curriculum study: A critical introduction. New York, NY: Routledge
   Google Scholar
• Kohli, R. (2009). Critical race reflections: Valuing the experiences of teachers of color in teacher education. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 12, 235–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozol, J. (2012). Savage inequalities: Children in America's schools. Crawfordsville, IN: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Ladson-Billings, G. (1995). Toward a theory of culturally relevant pedagogy. American Educational Research Journal, 32, 465–491. doi:10.3102/00028312032003465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladson-Billings, G. (1998). Just what is critical race theory and what's it doing in a nice field like education? International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 11, 7–24. doi:10.1080/095183998236863.
   Google Scholar
• Ladson-Billings, G. (2009). The dreamkeepers: Successful teachers of African American children (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Ladson-Billings, G. (2012). Through a glass darkly: The persistence of race in education research & scholarship. Educational Researcher, 41, 115–120. doi:10.3102/0013189X12440743.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladson-Billings, G. (2014). Culturally relevant pedagogy 2.0: a.k.a. the remix. Harvard Educational Review, 84, 74–84. doi https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.84.1.p2rj131485484751.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladson-Billings, G., & Tate, W. F. (1995). Toward a critical race theory of education. Teachers College Record, 97, 47–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntosh, P. (1990). White privilege: Unpacking the invisible knapsack. Independent School, 90, 31–35.
   Google Scholar
• McIntosh, P. (2012). Reflections and future directions for privilege studies. Journal of Social Issue, 68, 194–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Association for Sport and Physical Education. (2008). National standards for initial physical education teacher education (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill: Reston, VA.
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Education Statistics. (2012). The NCES Fast Facts. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id = 28.
   Google Scholar
• North, C. E. (2008). What is all this talk about ‘social justice’? Mapping the terrain of education's latest catchphrase. Teachers College Record, 110, 1182–1206.
   Google Scholar
• Omi, M., & Winant, H. (2014). Racial formation in the United States. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Orfield, G., & Lee, C. (2005). Why segregation matters: Poverty and educational inequality. Retrieved from http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4xr8z4wb.
   Google Scholar
• Paris, D. (2012). Culturally sustaining pedagogy: A needed change in stance, terminology, and practice. Educational Researcher, 41, 93–97. doi:10.3102/0013189X12441244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pate, R. R., Davis, M. G., Robinson, T. N., Stone, E. J., McKenzie, T. L., & Young, J. C. (2006). Promoting physical activity in children and youth: A leadership role for schools: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Physical Activity Committee) in collaboration with the Councils on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young and Cardiovascular Nursing. Circulation, 114, 1214–1224. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne, R. K. (2005). A framework for understanding poverty: 10 actions to educate students. Highlands, TX: aha! Process. Retrieved from http://www.ashland.kyschools.us/userfiles/517/Framework%20Day%20One%20Handouts%20Version%205%201%20June%202012.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Pratto, F., & Stewart, A. L. (2012). Group dominance and the half-blindness of privilege. Journal of Social Issues, 68, 28–45. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2011.01734.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudisill, M. E. (2013). Diversity enhancement in kinesiology. Kinesiology Review, 2, 143–144.
   Google Scholar
• Siedentop, D., & O'Sullivan, M. (Eds.). (1992). Secondary school physical education. Quest, 44, 285–288.
   Google Scholar
• Sisson, S. B., Church, T. S., Martin, C. K., Tudor-Locke, C., Smith, S. R., Bouchard, C.,…Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2009). Profiles of sedentary behavior in children and adolescents: The US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2006. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 4, 353–359. doi:10.3109/17477160902934777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smedley, A., & Smedley, B. D. (2005). Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race. American Psychologist, 60, 16–26. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.1.16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, T. D., & Dillow, S. A. (2013, December). Digest of education statistics 2012. NCES 2014–015, U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544576.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Society of Health and Physical Educators. (2013). National PE standards. Retrieved from http://www.shapeamerica.org/standards/pe/.
   Google Scholar
• Solorzano, D. G. (1997). Images and words that wound: Critical race theory, racial stereotyping. Teacher Education Quarterly, 24, 5–20. Retrieved from http://www.teqjournal.org/backvols/1997/24_3/1997v24n302.PDF.
   Google Scholar
• Solorzano, D. G. (1998). Critical race theory, race and gender microaggressions, and the experience of Chicana and Chicano scholars. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 11, 121–136. doi:10.1080/095183998236926.
   Google Scholar
• Stefancic, J. (1997). Latino and Latina critical theory: An annotated bibliography. California Law Review, 85, 1509–1584. doi:10.2307/3481065.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate, W. F. (1997). Critical race theory and education: History, theory, and implications. Review of Research in Education, 22, 195–247. doi:10.2307/1167376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theoharis, G. (2007). Social justice educational leaders and resistance: Toward a theory of social justice leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly, 43, 221–258. doi:10.1177/0013161X06293717.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler, T. R. (2000). Social justice: Outcome and procedure. International Journal of Psychology, 35, 117–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., Liang, H., & Chen, X. (2009). Measured body mass index, body weight perception, dissatisfaction and control practices in urban, low-income African American adolescents. BMC Public Health, 9, 183. http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Washington, B. T., & Barnes, A. L. (1968). Up from slavery: The Autobiography of Booker T. Washington. CMS Records. Retrieved from http://www.fulltextarchive.com/pdfs/Up-From-Slavery-An-Autobiography.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• West, C. (1994). Race matters (reprint ed.). New York, NY: Vintage.
   Google Scholar
• Wiggins, D. K. (1997). ‘Great speed but little stamina’: The historical debate over Black athletic superiority. In S. W. Pope (Ed.), The new American sport history: Recent approaches and perspectives (pp. 312–338). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Woodson, C. G. (1933). The mis-education of the Negro. Lexington, KY: Tribeca.
   Google Scholar
• Yosso, T. J. (2002). Toward a critical race curriculum. Equity & Excellence in Education, 35, 93–107. doi:10.1080/713845283.
   Google Scholar
• Yosso, T. J. (2005). Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of community cultural wealth. Race Ethnicity and Education, 8, 69–91. http://doi.org/10.1080/1361332052000341006.
   Google Scholar
• Young, D. R., Fleton, G. M., & Grieser, M. (2007). Policies and opportunities for physical activity in middle school environments. Journal of School Health, 77, 41–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeichner, K. M. (2009). Teacher education and the struggle for social justice. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar