The Attention Window: A Narrative Review of Limitations and Opportunities Influencing the Focus of Attention

References

• Adolphe, R. A., Vickers, J. N., & LaPlante, G. (1997). The effects of training visual attention on gaze behaviour and accuracy: A pilot study. International Journal of Sports Vision, 4, 28–33.
   Google Scholar
• Amon, M. J. (2014). Visual attention in mixed-gender groups. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball, K., & Owsley, C. (1992). The Useful Field of View test: A new technique for evaluating age-related declines in visual function. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 63, 71–79.
   Google Scholar
• Bayliss, A. P., Di Pellegrino, G., & Tipper, S. P. (2005). Sex differences in eye gaze and symbolic cueing of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A. Human Experimental Psychology, 58, 631–650. doi:10.1080/02724980443000124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleckley, M. K., Durso, F. T., Crutchfield, J. M., Engle, R. W., & Khanna, M. M. (2003). Individual differences in working memory capacity predict visual attention allocation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 10, 884–889. doi:10.3758/BF03196548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brisswalter, J., Collardeau, M., & Arcelin, R. (2002). Effects of acute physical exercise characteristics on cognitive performance. Sports Medicine, 32, 555–566. doi:10.2165/00007256-200232090-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castiello, U., & Umiltà, C. (1992). Splitting focal attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 837–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Causer, J., Bennett, S. J., Holmes, P. S., Janelle, C. M., & Williams, A. M. (2010). Quiet eye duration and gun motion in elite shotgun shooting. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 42, 1599–1608. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181d1b059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan, N. (1995). Attention and memory: An integrated framework. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• De Lange, M. A., & Van Knippenberg, A. (2007). Going against the grain: Regulatory focus and interference by task-irrelevant information. Experimental Psychology, 54, 6–13. doi:10.1027/1618-3169.54.1.6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehaene, S., Changeaux, J. P., Naccache, L., Sackur, J., & Sergent, C. (2006). Conscious, preconscious, and subliminal processing: A testable taxonomy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 204–211. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derryberry, D., & Reed, M. A. (1998). Anxiety and attentional focusing: Trait, state and hemispheric influences. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 745–761. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00117-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engle, R. W. (2002). Working memory capacity as executive attention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 19–23. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson, K. A., & Kintsch, W. (1995). Long-term working memory. Psychological Review, 102, 211–245. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.102.2.211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100, 363–406. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortenbaugh, F., & Robertson, L. (2011). When here becomes there: Attentional distribution modulates foveal bias in peripheral localization. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 73, 809–828. doi:10.3758/s13414-010-0075-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden and build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218–226. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, R. S., & Förster, J. (2001). The effects of promotion and prevention cues on creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1001–1013. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaspelin, N., Ruthruff, E., Lien, M. C., & Jung, K. (2012). Breaking through the attentional window: Capture by abrupt onsets versus color singletons. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 74, 1461–1474. doi:10.3758/s13414-012-0343-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gegenfurtner, K. R. (2016). The interaction between vision and eye movements. Perception, 45, 1333–1357. doi:10.1177/0301006616657097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, J. D., Sedikides, C., Saltzberg, J. A., Wood, J. V., & Forzano, L. B. (2003). Happy mood decreases self-focused attention. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 147–157. doi:10.1348/014466603763276171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grol, M., Koster, E. H. W., Bruyneel, L., & Raedt, D. (2014). Effects of positive mood on attention broadening for self-related information. Psychological Research, 78, 566–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harle, S. K., & Vickers, J. N. (2001). Training quiet eye improves accuracy in the basketball free throw. The Sport Psychologist, 15, 289–305. doi:10.1123/tsp.15.3.289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heitz, R. P., & Engle, R. W. (2007). Focusing the spotlight: Individual differences in visual attention control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, 217–240. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.2.217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52, 1280–1300. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.52.12.1280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huestegge, L. (2011). The role of saccades in multitasking: Towards an output-related view of eye movements. Psychological Research, 75, 452–465. doi:10.1007/s00426-011-0352-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hüttermann, S., Bock, O., & Memmert, D. (2012). The breadth of attention in old age. Ageing Research, 4, 67–70.
   Google Scholar
• Hüttermann, S., & Memmert, D. (2014). Does the inverted-U function disappear in expert athletes? An analysis of the attention behavior under physical exercise of athletes and non-athletes. Physiology & Behavior, 131, 87–92. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.04.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hüttermann, S., & Memmert, D. (2015). The influence of motivational and mood states on visual attention: A quantification of systematic differences and casual changes in subjects’ focus of attention. Cognition & Emotion, 29, 471–483. doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.920767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hüttermann, S., Memmert, D., & Liesner, F. (2014). Finding the happy medium: An analysis of gaze behavior strategies in a representative task design of soccer penalties. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 26, 172–181. doi:10.1080/10413200.2013.816892
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hüttermann, S., Memmert, D., & Simons, D. J. (2014). The size and shape of the attentional ‘spotlight’ varies with differences in sports expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 20, 147–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hüttermann, S., Memmert, D., Simons, D. J., & Bock, O. (2013). Fixation strategy influences the ability to focus attention on two spatially separate objects. PLoS One, 8, e65673. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Intriligator, J., & Cavanagh, P. (2001). The spatial resolution of attention. Cognitive Psychology, 43, 171–216. doi:10.1006/cogp.2001.0755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iordanescu, L., Grabowecky, M., & Suzuki, S. (2009). Demand-based dynamic distribution of attention and monitoring of velocities during multiple-object tracking. Journal of Vision, 9(4), 1–12. doi:10.1167/9.4.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2002). The role of prefrontal cortex in working-memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: An individual differences perspective. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 637–671. doi:10.3758/BF03196323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaBerge, D. (1983). Spatial extent of attention to letters in words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 9, 371–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurent, E., Ward, P., Williams, A. M., & Ripoll, H. (2006). Expertise in basketball modifies perceptual discrimination abilities, underlying cognitive processes, and visual behaviours. Visual Cognition, 13, 247–271. doi:10.1080/13506280544000020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, R. (2014). Why women see differently from the way men see? A review of sex differences in cognition and sports. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 3, 155–162. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2014.03.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann, D. T. Y., Williams, A. M., Ward, P., & Janelle, C. M. (2007). Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29, 457–478. doi:10.1123/jsep.29.4.457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruenda, F. (2004). Can the human eye detect an offside position during a football match? British Medical Journal, 329, 1470–1472. doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7480.1470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merritt, P., Hirshman, E., Wharton, W., Stangl, B., Devlin, J., & Lenz, A. (2007). Evidence for gender differences in visual selective attention. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 597–609. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.01.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, N. G., & Kleinschmidt, A. (2004). The attentional ‘spotlight’s’ penumbra: Center-surround modulation in striate cortex. NeuroReport, 15, 977–980. doi:10.1097/00001756-200404290-00009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owsley, C., Ball, K. K., Sloane, M. E., Roenker, D. L., & Bruni, J. R. (1991). Visual/cognitive correlates of vehicle accidents in older drivers. Psychology and Aging, 6, 403–415. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.6.3.403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owsley, C., McGwin, G. J., Jr., & Ball, K. (1998). Vision impairment, eye disease, and injurious motor vehicle crashes in the elderly. Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 5, 101–113. doi:10.1076/opep.5.2.101.1574
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32, 3–25. doi:10.1080/00335558008248231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner, M. I., & Boies, S. J. (1971). Components of attention. Psychological Review, 78, 391–408. doi:10.1037/h0031333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner, M. I., Snyder, C. R., & Davidson, B. J. (1980). Attention and the detection of signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 109, 160–174. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.109.2.160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzo, M., & Kellison, I. L. (2004). Eyes, brains, and autos. Archives of Ophthalmology, 122, 641–647. doi:10.1001/archopht.122.4.641
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rowe, G., Hirsh, J. B., & Anderson, A. K. (2007). Positive affect increases the breadth of attentional selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 383–388. doi:10.1073/pnas.0605198104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu D., Kim S., Abernethy B., & Mann D. L. (2013). Guiding attention aids the acquisition of anticipatory skill in novice soccer goalkeepers. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 84, 252–262. doi:10.1080/02701367.2013.784843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer, S. (2014). The ecological approach to cognitive-motor dual tasking: Findings on the effects of expertise and age. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1167. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons, D. J., & Chabris, C. F. (1999). Gorillas in our midst: Sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events. Perception, 28, 1059–1074. doi:10.1068/p281059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons, D. J., & Levin, D. T. (1997). Change blindness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1, 261–267. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(97)01080-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, E. E., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2007). Cognitive psychology: Mind and brain. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Teasdale, N., Bard, C., LaRue, J., & Fleury, M. (1993). On the cognitive penetrability of posture control. Experimental Ageing Research, 19, 1–13. doi:10.1080/03610739308253919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman, A., & Gelade, G. (1980). A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 97–136. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(80)90005-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unsworth, N., & Engle, R. W. (2008). Speed and accuracy of accessing information in working memory: An individual differences investigation of focus switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 616–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaeyens, R., Lenoir, M., Williams, A. M., Mazyn, L., & Philippaerts, R. M. (2007). The effects of task constraints on visual search behavior and decision-making skill in youth soccer players. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29, 147–169. doi:10.1123/jsep.29.2.147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vickers, J. N. (2007). Perception, cognition, and decision training: The quiet eye in action. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Vickers, J. N. (2009). Advances in coupling perception and action: The quiet eye as a bidirectional link between gaze, attention, and action. Progress in Brain Research, 174, 279–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vickers, J. N. (2016). Origins and current issues in quiet eye research. Current Issues in Sport Science, 1, 101. doi:10.15203/CISS_2016.101
   Google Scholar
• Vickers, J. N., & Williams, A. M. (2007). Performing under pressure: The interactive effects of physiological arousal, cognitive anxiety and gaze control in elite biathlon shooters. Journal of Motor Behavior, 39, 381–394. doi:10.3200/JMBR.39.5.381-394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, A. M., Davids, K., & Williams, J. G. (1999). Visual perception and action in sport. London, UK: E & F.N Spon.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, G., & Wilson, M. R. (2011). Quiet-eye training for soccer penalty kicks. Cognitive Processing, 12, 257e266. doi:10.1007/s10339-011-0393-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar