Isolated Obesity Is Not Enough to Impair Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Metabolically Healthy Men

References

• Amador, N., Guizar, J. M., Malacara, J. M., Pérez-Luque, E., & Paniagua, R. (2004). Sympathetic activity and response to ACE inhibitor (enalapril) in normotensive obese and non-obese subjects. Archives of Medical Research, 35(1), 54–58. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2003.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araújo, J. A., Tricot, G. K., Arsa, G., Queiroz, M. G., Santos, K. M., Dias, A. R. L., … Cambri, L. T. (2016). Blood pressure and cardiac autonomic modulation at rest, during exercise and recovery time in the young overweight. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 22(1), 27–34. doi:10.1590/S1980-65742016000100004
   Google Scholar
• Billman, G. E. (2013). The LF/HF ratio does not accurately measure cardiac sympatho-vagal balance. Frontiers in Physiology, 4, 26. doi:10.3389/fphys.2013.00026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blüher, M. (2010). The distinction of metabolically “healthy” from “unhealthy” obese individuals. Current Opinion in Lipidology, 21(1), 38–43. doi:10.1097/MOL.0b013e3283346ccc
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brazil, V. (2017). Vigilância de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas por inquérito telefônico [Surveillance of risk factors and surveillance for chronic diseases by telephone] (pp. 6–10). Brasília, Brazil: Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Retrieved from http://portalarquivos.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2017/abril/17/Vigitel.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Buchheit, M., & Gindre, C. (2006). Cardiac parasympathetic regulation: Respective associations with cardiorespiratory fitness and training load. American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 291(1), H451–H458. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00008.2006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cambri, L. T., Novelli, F. I., Sales, M. M., Queiroz, M. G., Dias, A. R. L., Santos, K. M., & Arsa, G. (2016). Heart rate inflection point estimates the anaerobic threshold in overweight and obese young adults. Sport Sciences for Health, 12(3), 397–405. doi:10.1007/s11332-016-0304-y
   Google Scholar
• Cardiology, S. B., Hypertension, S. B., & Nephrology, S. B. (2010). VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertensão [VI Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension]. Brazilian Archives of Cardiology, 95(1), 1–51. doi:10.1590/S0066-782X2010001700001
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Dias, A., Souza, K., Cambri, L., Santos, K., Tricot, G., Araújo, J., & Arsa, G. (2017). Higher blood pressure and lower cardiac vagal activity in obese young individuals in supine and seated position. The Journal of Clinical and Translational Research, 3(3), 1–26. doi:10.18053/jctres.03.201703.002
   Google Scholar
• Diniz, M. F. H. S., Beleigoli, A. M. R., Ribeiro, A. L. P., Vidigal, P. G., Bensenor, I. M., Lotufo, P. A., … Barreto, S. M. (2016). Factors associated with metabolically healthy status in obesity, overweight, and normal weight at baseline of ELSA-Brasil. Medicine, 95(27), 1–9. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duarte, A., Soares, P. P., Pescatello, L., & Farinatti, P. (2015). Aerobic training improves vagal reactivation regardless of resting vagal control. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 47(6), 1159–1167. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erford, B. T. (2013). Assessment for counselors (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein, D. S., Bentho, O., Park, M. Y., & Sharabi, Y. (2011). Low‐frequency power of heart rate variability is not a measure of cardiac sympathetic tone but may be a measure of modulation of cardiac autonomic outflows by baroreflexes. Experimental Physiology, 96(12), 1255–1261. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2010.056259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goran, M., Fields, D., Hunter, G., Herd, S., & Weinsier, R. (2000). Total body fat does not influence maximal aerobic capacity. International Journal of Obesity, 24(7), 841–848. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Indumathy, J., Pal, G., Pal, P., Ananthanarayanan, P., Parija, S., Balachander, J., & Dutta, T. (2015). Association of sympathovagal imbalance with obesity indices, and abnormal metabolic biomarkers and cardiovascular parameters. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 9(1), 55–66. doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2014.01.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Diabetes Foundation. (2006). The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. [Data file]. Retrieved from https://www.idf.org/e-library/consensus-statements/60-idfconsensus-worldwide-definitionof-the-metabolic-syndrome.html
   Google Scholar
• International Physical Activity Questionnaire. (2005). The international physical activity questionnaire. [Data file]. Retrieved from https://www.ipaq.ki.se/
   Google Scholar
• Jarczok, M. N., Li, J., Mauss, D., Fischer, J. E., & Thayer, J. F. (2013). Heart rate variability is associated with glycemic status after controlling for components of the metabolic syndrome. The International Journal of Cardiology, 167(3), 855–861. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaikkonen, K. M., Korpelainen, R. I., Tulppo, M. P., Kaikkonen, H. S., Vanhala, M. L., Kallio, M. A., … Korpelainen, J. T. (2014). Physical activity and aerobic fitness are positively associated with heart rate variability in obese adults. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 11(8), 1614–1621. doi:10.1123/jpah.2012-0405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer, C. K., Zinman, B., & Retnakaran, R. (2013). Are metabolically healthy overweight and obesity benign conditions? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 159(11), 758–769. doi:10.1123/jpah.2012-0405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laederach-Hofmann, K., Mussgay, L., & Ruddel, H. (2000). Autonomic cardiovascular regulation in obesity. Journal of Endocrinology, 164(1), 59–66. doi:10.1677/joe.0.1640059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lafortuna, C. L., Proietti, M., Agosti, F., & Sartorio, A. (2006). The energy cost of cycling in young obese women. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 97(1), 16–25. doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0137-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenhard, W., & Lenhard, A. (2014). Computation of effect sizes. Psychometrica. doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.3478.4245
   Google Scholar
• Mongraw-Chaffin, M., Foster, M. C., Kalyani, R. R., Vaidya, D., Burke, G. L., Woodward, M., & Anderson, C. A. (2016). Obesity severity and duration are associated with incident metabolic syndrome: Evidence against metabolically healthy obesity from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 101(11), 4117–4124. doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira, A., Cocate, P. G., Hermsdorff, H. H. M., Bressan, J., Silva, M. F., Rodrigues, J. A., & Natali, A. J. (2014). Waist circumference measures: Cutoff analyses to detect obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in a Southeast Brazilian middle-aged men population – A cross-sectional study. Lipids in Health and Diseases, 13(1), 1–8. doi:10.1186/1476-511X-13-141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouchi, N., Parker, J. L., Lugus, J. J., & Walsh, K. (2011). Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nature Reviews Immunology, 11(2), 85–97. doi:10.1038/nri2921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal, G. K., Adithan, C., Ananthanarayanan, P. H., Pal, P., Nanda, N., Thiyagarajan, D., … Dutta, T. K. (2013). Association of sympathovagal imbalance with cardiovascular risks in young prehypertensives. The American Journal of Cardiology, 112(11), 1757–1762. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.07.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal, G. K, Chandrasekaran, A, Hariharan, A. P, Dutta, T. K, Pal, P, Nanda, N, & Venugopal, L. (2012). Body mass index contributes to sympathovagal imbalance in prehypertensives. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 12, 54. doi: 10.1186/1471-2261-12-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poliakova, N., Després, J. P., Bergeron, J., Alméras, N., Tremblay, A., & Poirier, P. (2012). Influence of obesity indices, metabolic parameters and age on cardiac autonomic function in abdominally obese men. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 61(9), 1270–1279. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porto, L. G. G., & Junqueira, L. F. J. (2009). Comparison of time‐domain short‐term heart interval variability analysis using a wrist‐worn heart rate monitor and the conventional electrocardiogram. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 32(1), 43–51. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009.02175.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi, R. C., Vanderlei, L. C. M., Gonçalves, A. C. C. R., Vanderlei, F. M., Bernardo, A. F. B., Yamada, K. M. H., … de Abreu, L. C. (2015). Impact of obesity on autonomic modulation, heart rate and blood pressure in obese young people. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical, 193, 138–141. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2015.07.424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, D. F., Bianchini, J. A. A., Antonini, V. D. S., Hermoso, D. A. M., Lopera, C. A., Pagan, B. G. M., … Junior, N. N. (2014). Parasympathetic cardiac activity is associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight and obese adolescents. Pediatric Cardiology, 35(4), 684–690. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2015.07.424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, J. P., Larson, M. G., Tsuji, H., Evans, J. C., O’Donnell, C. J., & Levy, D. (1998). Reduced heart rate variability and new-onset hypertension. Hypertension, 32(2), 293–297. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.32.2.293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skrapari, I., Tentolouris, N., Perrea, D., Bakoyiannis, C., Papazafiropoulou, A., & Katsilambros, N. (2007). Baroreflex sensitivity in obesity: Relationship with cardiac autonomic nervous system activity. Obesity, 15(7), 1685–1693. doi:10.1038/oby.2007.201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Task Force. (1996). Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Task force of the european society of cardiology and the North American society of pacing and electrophysiology. European Heart Journal, 93(5), 1043–1065. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.1043
   Google Scholar
• Tulppo, M. P., Hautala, A. J., Mäkikallio, T. H., Laukkanen, R. T., Nissilä, S., Hughson, R. L., & Huikuri, H. V. (2003). Effects of aerobic training on heart rate dynamics in sedentary subjects. The Journal of Applied Physiology, 95(1), 364–372. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00751.2002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, S.-G., Zhang, Z.-H., Beltz, T. G., Yu, Y., Johnson, A. K., & Felder, R. B. (2013). Subfornical organ mediates sympathetic and hemodynamic responses to blood-borne proinflammatory cytokines: Novelty and significance. Hypertension, 62(1), 118–125. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wonisch, W., Falk, A., Sundl, I., Winklhofer-Roob, B. M., & Lindschinger, M. (2012). Oxidative stress increases continuously with BMI and age with unfavourable profiles in males. The Aging Male, 15(3), 159–165. doi:10.3109/13685538.2012.669436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2016). Global Health Observatory (GHO) data: Overweight and obesity. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/overweight/en/
   Google Scholar
• Xu, B., & Li, H. (2015). Brain mechanisms of sympathetic activation in heart failure: Roles of the renin‑angiotensin system, nitric oxide and pro‑inflammatory cytokines (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 12(6), 7823–7829. doi:10.3892/mmr.2015.4434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, K., Miyachi, M., Saitoh, T., Yoshioka, A., & Onodera, S. (2001). Effects of endurance training on resting and post-exercise cardiac autonomic control. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(9), 1496–1502. doi:10.3892/mmr.2015.4434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo, H. J., Hwang, S. Y., Choi, K. M., Baik, S. H., Lee, E. M., Kim, E. J., … Seo, H. S. (2016). Clinical implication of body size phenotype on heart rate variability. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 65(11), 1589–1596. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar