Upper Body Posture and Muscle Activation in Recreational Cyclists: Immediate Effects of Variable Cycling Setups

References

• Balasubramanian, V., Jagannath, M., & Adalarasu, K. (2014). Muscle fatigue based evaluation of bicycle design. Applied Ergonomics, 45(2PB), 339–345. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2013.04.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassett, D. R., Pucher, J., Buehler, R., Thompson, D. L., & Crouter, S. E. (2008). Walking, cycling, and obesity rates in Europe, North America, and Australia. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 5(6), 795–814. doi:10.1123/jpah.5.6.795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, M. J., Koves, T. R., & Benedetto, J. J. (2000). The influence of speed, grade and mass during simulated off road bicycling. Applied Ergonomics, 31(5), 531–536. doi:10.1016/S0003-6870(00)00022-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, M. J., Pollock, W. E., Van Nieuwenhuizen, K., & Brubaker, P. H. (1994). A comparison between aero and standard racing handlebars during prolonged exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 15(1), 16–20. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1021013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bini, R. R., Hume, P., & Croft, J. (2014). Cyclists and triathletes have different body positions on the bicycle. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(S1), 109–115. doi:10.1080/17461391.2011.643924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borg, G. A. V. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 14(5), 377–381. doi:10.1249/00005768-198205000-00012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bressel, E., & Larson, B. J. (2003). Bicycle seat designs and their effect on pelvic angle, trunk angle, and comfort. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(2), 327–332. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000048830.22964.7c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnett, A. F., Cornelius, M. W., Dankaerts, W., & O’Sullivan, P. B. (2004). Spinal kinematics and trunk muscle activity in cyclists: A comparison between healthy controls and non-specific chronic low back pain subjects - A pilot investigation. Manual Therapy, 9(4), 211–219. doi:10.1016/j.math.2004.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappozzo, A. (1991). Three-dimensional analysis of human walking: Experimental methods and associated artifacts. Human Movement Science, 10(5), 589–602. doi:10.1016/0167-9457(91)90047-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, A. R., Vicenzino, B., Blanch, P., Knox, J. J., Dowlan, S., & Hodges, P. W. (2008). The influence of body position on leg kinematics and muscle recruitment during cycling. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 11(6), 519–526. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2007.04.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christiaans, H. H. C. M., & Bremner, A. (1998). Comfort on bicycles and the validity of a commercial bicycle fitting system. Applied Ergonomics, 29(3), 201–211. doi:10.1016/S0003-6870(97)00052-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, R. B., Ounpuu, S., Tyburski, D., & Gage, J. R. (1991). A Gait analysis data collection technique. Human Movement Science, 10, 575–587. doi:10.1016/0167-9457(91)90046-Z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca, C. J., Donald Gilmore, L., Kuznetsov, M., & Roy, S. H. (2010). Filtering the surface EMG signal: Movement artifact and baseline noise contamination. Journal of Biomechanics, 43(8), 1573–1579. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.01.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dettori, N. J., & Norvell, D. C. (2006). Non-traumatic bicycle injuries: A review of the literature. Sports Medicine, 36(1), 7–18. doi:10.2165/00007256-200636010-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diefenthaeler, F., Carpes, F. P., Bini, R. R., Mota, C. B., & Guimarães, A. C. S. (2008). Methodological proposal to evaluate sagittal trunk and spine angle in cyclists: Preliminary study. Brazilian Journal of Biomotricity, 2(4), 284–293.
   Google Scholar
• Freiwald, J., Baumgart, C., & Konrad, P. (2007). Einführung in die Elektromyographie: Sport - Prävention - rehabilitation. Balingen, Germany: Spitta Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Hermens, H. J., Freriks, B., Merletti, R., Stegeman, D., Blok, J., Rau, G., … Hägg, G. (1999). European recommendations for surface electromyography - Results of the SENIAM project. Enschede, Netherlands: Roessingh Research and Development.
   Google Scholar
• Kadaba, M. P., Ramakrishnan, H. K., & Wootten, M. E. (1990). Measurement of lower extremity kinematics during level walking. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 8(3), 383–392. doi:10.1002/jor.1100080310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolehmainen, I., Harms-Ringdahl, K., & Lanshammart, H. (1989). Cervical spine positions and load moments during bicycling with different handlebar positions. Clinical Biomechanics, 4(2), 105–110. doi:10.1016/0268-0033(89)90047-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman, D. E., Warrener, A. G., Wang, J., & Castillo, E. R. (2015). Effects of stride frequency and foot position at landing on braking force, hip torque, impact peak force and the metabolic cost of running in humans. Journal of Experimental Biology, 218(21), 3406–3414. doi:10.1242/jeb.125500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacIntosh, B. R., Neptune, R. R., & Horton, J. F. (2000). Cadence, power, and muscle activation in cycle ergometry. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(7), 1281–1287. doi:10.1097/00005768-200009001-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellion, M. B. (1991). Common cycling injuries management and prevention. Sports Medicine, 11(1), 52–70. doi:10.2165/00007256-199111010-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merletti, R. (1999). Standards for reporting EMG data. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 9(1), III–IV.
   Google Scholar
• Mestdagh, K. D. V. (1998). Personal perspective: In search of an optium cycling posture. Applied Ergonomics, 29(5), 325–334. doi:10.1016/S0003-6870(97)00080-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muyor, J. M., López-Miñarro, P. A., & Alacid, F. (2011). Spinal posture of thoracic and lumbar spine and pelvic tilt in highly trained cyclists. J Sports Sci Med, 10(2), 355–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuss, J. (2017). Richtig sitzen - locker rad fahren: Ergonomie am Fahrrad (3rd ed.). Bielefeld, Germany: Delius Klasing.
   Google Scholar
• Nüscheler, M. (2001). Leistungsfähigkeit auf dem rad am berg: Vergleich zwischen Marco Pantani und hobbyfahrern. Schweizerische Zeitschrift Fur Sportmedizin Und Sporttraumatologie, 49(2), 79–81.
   Google Scholar
• Raymond, C. H., Joseph, K. F., & Gabriel, Y. F. (2005). Muscle recruitment pattern in cycling: A review. Physical Therapy in Sport, 6(2), 89–96. doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2005.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salai, M., Brosh, T., Blankstein, A., Oran, A., & Chechik, A. (1999). Effect of changing the saddle angle on the incidence of low back pain in recreational bicyclists. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(6), 398–400. doi:10.1136/bjsm.33.6.398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanner, W. H., & Halloran, W. D. O. (2000). The biomechanics, etiology, and treatment of cycling injuries. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 90(7), 354–376. doi:10.7547/87507315-90-7-354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savelberg, H., de Port, I. G. L., & Willems, P. J. B. (2003). Body configuration in cycling affects muscle recruitment and movement pattern. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 19(4), 310–324. doi:10.1123/jab.19.4.310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwellnus, M., & Derman, E. (2005). Common injuries in cycling: Prevention, diagnosis and management. South African Family Practice, 47(7), 14–19. doi:10.1080/20786204.2005.10873255
   Google Scholar
• Silberman, M. R., Webner, D., Collina, S., & Shiple, B. J. (2005). Road bicycle fit. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, 15(4), 271–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streisfeld, G. M., Bartoszek, C., Creran, E., Inge, B., McShane, M. D., & Johnston, T. (2017). Relationship between body positioning, muscle activity, and spinal kinematics in cyclists with and without low back pain: A systematic review. Sports Health, 9(1), 75–79. doi:10.1177/1941738116676260
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Titze, S., Merom, D., Rissel, C., & Bauman, A. (2014). Epidemiology of cycling for exercise, recreation or sport in Australia and its contribution to health-enhancing physical activity. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 17(5), 485–490. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2013.09.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umberger, B. R., Scheuchenzuber, H., & Manos, T. M. (1998). Differences in power output during cycling at different seat tube angels. In Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30, 81. doi:10.1097/00005768-199805001-00462
   Google Scholar
• Wilber, C. A., Holland, G. J., Madison, R. E., & Loy, S. F. (1995). An epidemiological analysis of overuse injuries among recreational cyclists. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 16(3), 201–206. doi:10.1055/s-2007-972992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar