The Relationship of Korean Students’ Age and Years of English-as-a-Foreign-Language Exposure with English-Reading Ability: A Cross-Age Study

References

• Abrahamsson, N. (2012). Age of onset and nativelike L2 ultimate attainment of morphosyntactic and phonetic intuition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 34, 187–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu-Rabia, S. (1997). Verbal and working-memory skills of bilingual Hebrew-English speaking children. International Journal of Psycholinguistics, 13, 25–40.
   Google Scholar
• Bernhardt, E.B. (2011). Understanding advanced second-language reading. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bialystok, E., & Hakuta, K. (1999). Confounded age: Linguistic and cognitive factors in age differences for second language acquisition. In D. Birdsong (Ed.), Second language acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis (pp. 161–181). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Birdsong, D. (2006). Age and second language acquisition and processing: A selective overview. Language Learning, 56(Supplement 1), 1–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bley-Vroman, R. (1989). What is the logical problem of foreign language learning? In S. Gass & J. Schachter (Eds.), Linguistic perspectives on second language acquisition (pp. 41–68). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bley-Vroman, R. (1990). The logical problem of foreign language learning. Linguistic Analysis, 20, 3–49.
   Google Scholar
• Burdick, H., Swartz, C.W., Stenner, A.J., Fitzgerald, J., Burdick, D., & Hanlon, S.T. (2014). Technological assessment of composing: Response to reviewers. Literacy Research and Instruction, 53, 184–187.
   Google Scholar
• Busbee, E. (2001). Computer training to improve word recognition and reading speed. English Teaching, 56, 143–165.
   Google Scholar
• Cameron, L. (2001). Teaching languages to young learners. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chall, J.S. (1996). Stages of reading development. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, S.A. (2008). English in the first to the seventh national curriculum in South Korea: History, implications, and directions for future development. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
   Google Scholar
• Chiswick, B.R., Lee, Y.L., & Miller, P.W. (2004). Immigrants’ language skills: The Australian Experience in a longitudinal study. International Migration Review, 38, 611–654.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clay, M.M. (2001). Change over time in children's literacy development. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Common Core State Standards Initiative. (2010). Common core state standards for English language arts and literacy in history/social studies, science, and technical subjects. Washington, DC: Council of Chief State School Officers and National Governors Association. Retrieved from http://www.corestandards.org/
   Google Scholar
• Crystal, D. (2003). English as a global language (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Curtin, T.R., Ingels, S.J., Wu, S., & Heuer, R. (2002). National education longitudinal study of 1988: Base-year to fourth follow-up data file user's manual (NCES 2002-323). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. . Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/nels88/
   Google Scholar
• Da Fontoura, H.A., & Siegel, L.S. (1995). Reading, syntactic, and working memory skills of bilingual Portuguese-English Canadian children. Reading and Writing, 7, 139–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeKeyser, R., & Alfi-Shabtay, I., & Ravid, D. (2010). Cross-linguistic evidence for the nature of age effects in second language acquisition. Applied Psycholinguistics, 31, 413–438.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeKeyser, R.M. (2000). The robustness of critical period effects in second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 54, 298–308.
   Google Scholar
• DeKeyser, R.M. (2013). Age effects in second language learning: Stepping stones toward better understanding. Language Learning, 63(Supplement 1), 52–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draper, N.R., & Smith, H. (1998). Applied regression analysis (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Durgunoğlu, A.Y., Nagy, W.E., & Hancin-Bhatt, B.J. (1993). Cross-language transfer of phonological awareness. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85, 453–465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, J., & Shanahan, T. (2000). Reading and writing relations and their development. Educational Psychologist, 35, 39–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Mayo, M.D. P., & García Lecumberri, M.L. (2003). Age and the acquisition of English as a foreign language. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Ginns, P., & Barrie, S. (2004). Reliability of single-item ratings of quality in higher education: A replication. Psychological Reports, 95, 1023–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guglielmi, R.S. (2008). Native language proficiency, English literacy, academic achievement, and occupational attainment in limited-English-proficiency students: A latent growth modeling perspective. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 322–342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakuta, K., Bialystok, E., & Wiley, E. (2003). Critical evidence: A test of the critical-period hypothesis for second-language acquisition. Psychological Science, 14, 31–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoover, H.D., Dunbar, S.B., & Frisbie, D.A. (2005). Iowa Tests of Basic Skills. Rolling Meadows, IL: Riverside.
   Google Scholar
• Joh, J., & Choi, S. (2001). Towards innovative reading instruction in English classrooms: A study of middle school students. English Teaching, 56, 3–29.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, J.S., & Newport, E.L. (1991). Critical period effects on universal properties of languae: The status of subjacency in the acquisition of a second language. Cognition, 39, 215–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlson, B., & Gardner, E.F. (1995). Stanford Diagnostic Reading Test. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Kieffer, M.J. (2011). Converging trajectories: Reading growth in language minority learners and their classmates, kindergarten to grade eight. American Educational Research Journal, 48, 1187–1225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koda, K. (2008). Impacts of prior literacy experience on second language learning to read. In K. Koda, A.M. Zehler (Eds.), Learning to read across languages: Cross-linguistic relationships in first- and second-language literacy development (pp. 68–96). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Koons, H. (2011, February). Examining the text difficulty continuum and its role in preparing students for success. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Pacific Coast Research Conference, Coronado, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Krashen, S.D., Long, M.H., & Scarcella, R.C. (1979). Age, ate, and eventual attainment in second language acquisition. TESOL Quarterly, 13, 573–582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenneberg, E. (1967). Biological foundations of language. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• MacGinitie, W.H., MacGinitie, R.K., Maria, K., Dreyer, L.G., & Hughes, K.E. (2006). Gates-MacGinitie Reading Tests. Rolling Meadows, IL: Riverside.
   Google Scholar
• Muñoz, C. (2006). Age and the rate of foreign language learning. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Muñoz, C. (2007). Age differences and their implications for practice. In R.M. DeKeyser (Ed.), Practice in a second language: Perspectives from applied linguistics and cognitive psychology (pp. 229–255). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Muñoz, C. (2008). Age-related differences in foreign language learning. Revisiting the empirical evidence. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 46, 197–220.
   Google Scholar
• Natmal Corporation. (2011). E-LQ English Reading Comprehension Assessment. Seoul, Korea: Natmal Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Nikolov, M., & Djigunovic, J.M. (2006). Recent research on age, second language acquisition, and early foreign language learning. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 26, 234–261.
   Google Scholar
• Paradis, M. (2004). A neurolinguistic theory of bilingualism. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Paradis, M. (2009). Declarative and procedural determinants of second languages. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Perfetti, C.A., & Dunlap, S. (2008). Learning to read: General principles and writing system variations. In K. Koda & A.M. Zehler (Eds.), Learning to read across languages: Cross-linguistic relationships in first- and second-language literacy development (pp. 13–38). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Schoonen, R., Hulstijn, J., & Bossers, B. (1998). Metacognitive and language-specific knowledge n native and foreign language reading comprehension: An empirical study among Dutch students in grades 6, 8 and 10. Language Learning, 48, 71–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, M.-J. (2001). The role of L2 proficiency in L2 reading: The threshold model revisited. English Teaching, 56, 31–51.
   Google Scholar
• Stenner, A.J., Burdick, H., Sanford E.E., & Burdick, D.S. (2007). The Lexile framework for reading technical report. Durham, NC: MetaMetrics. Retrieved from http://www.lexile.com/research/9/
   Google Scholar
• Stenner, A.J., Horabin, I., Smith, D.R., & Smith, M. (1988). Most comprehension tests do measure reading comprehension: A response to McLean and Goldstein. Phi Delta Kappan, 69, 765–767.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhoeven, L.T. (2000). Components in early second language reading and spelling. Scientific Studies of Reading, 4, 313–330.
   Google Scholar
• Williamson, G. (2008). A text readability continuum for postsecondary readiness. Journal of Advanced Academics, 19, 602–632.
   Google Scholar