I’m Not Crying, You’re Crying: An Evaluation of the Impact of Emotional Text on Negation Comprehension

References

• Bohn-Gettler, C. M. (2019). Getting a grip: The PET Framework for studying how reader emotions influence comprehension. Discourse Processes, 56, 386–401. doi:10.1080/0163853X.2019.161174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, M.M., & Lang, P.J. (1999). Affective norms for English words (ANEW): Instruction manual and affective ratings. On Technical Report C-1: The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Chase, W. G., & Clark, H. H. (1971). Semantics in the perception of verticality. British Journal of Psychology, 62(3), 311–326. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1971.tb02042.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark, H. H., & Chase, W. G. (1974). Perceptual coding strategies in the formation and verification of descriptions. Memory & Cognition, 2(1), 101–111. doi:10.3758/BF03197499
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82(6), 407–428. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.82.6.407
   Google Scholar
• Cornish, E. R. (1971). Pragmatic aspects of negation in sentence evaluation and completion tasks. British Journal of Psychology, 62(4), 505–511. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1971.tb02065.x
   Google Scholar
• Cornish, E. R., & Wason, P. C. (1970). The recall of affirmative and negative sentences in an incidental learning task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 22(2), 109–114. doi:10.1080/00335557043000032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Beni, R., Borella, E., & Carretti, B. (2007). Reading comprehension in aging: The role of working memory and metacomprehension. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 14(2), 189–212. doi:10.1080/13825580500229213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietrich, D. E., Waller, C., Johannes, S., Wieringa, B. M., Emrich, H. M., & Münte, T. F. (2001). Differential effects of emotional content on event-related potentials in word recognition memory. Neuropsychobiology, 43(2), 96–101. https://doi-org.brockport.idm.oclc.org/10.1159/000054874. doi:10.1159/000054874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlosky, J., & Lipko, A. R. (2007). Metacomprehension: A brief history and how to improve its accuracy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(4), 228–232. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00509.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischler, I., & Bradley, M. (2006). Event-related potential studies of language and emotion: Words, phrases, and task effects. Progress in Brain Research, 156, 185–203. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(06)56009-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flesch, R. (1951). How to test readability. New York, NY: Harper.
   Google Scholar
• Flower, L. (1987). Interpretive acts: Cognition and the construction of discourse. Poetics, 16(2), 109–130. doi:10.1016/0304-422X(87)90021-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk, A. Y., & Hupbach, A. (2014). Memory for emotionally arousing items: Context preexposure enhances subsequent context–item binding. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 14(3), 611–614. https://doi-org.brockport.idm.oclc.org/10.1037/a0034017. doi:10.1037/a0034017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giora, R., Fein, O., Aschkenazi, K., & Alkabets-Zlozover, I. (2007). Negation in context: A functional approach to suppression. Discourse Processes, 43(2), 153–172. doi:10.1207/s15326950dp4302_3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenberg, A. M., Wilkinson, A. C., & Epstein, W. (1982). The illusion of knowing: Failure in the self-assessment of comprehension. Memory & Cognition, 10(6), 597–602. doi:10.3758/BF03202442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gough, P. B. (1965). Grammatical transformations and speed of understanding. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 4(2), 107–111. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(65)80093-7
   Google Scholar
• Graesser, A. C., & Zwaan, R. A. (1995). Inference generation and the construction of situation models. In C. A. Weaver, III, S. Mannes, & C. R. Fletcher (Eds.), Discourse comprehension: Essays in honor of Walter Kintsch (pp. 117–139). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, J. R. (2004). Integration of emotion and cognitive control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(2), 46–48. https://doi-org.brockport.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00272.x. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00272.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, J. R., & Braver, T. S. (2002). Integration of emotion and cognitive control: A neurocomputational hypothesis of dynamic goal regulation. In S. C. Moore & M. Oaksford (Eds.), Emotional cognition: From brain to behaviour (pp. 289–316). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Hadley, C. B., & MacKay, D. G. (2006). Does emotion help or hinder immediate memory? Arousal versus priority-binding mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32(1), 79–88. https://doi-org.brockport.idm.oclc.org/10.1037/0278-7393.32.1.79. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.32.1.79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamann, S. B., Ely, T. D., Grafton, S. T., & Kilts, C. D. (1999). Amygdala activity related to enhanced memory for pleasant and aversive stimuli. Nature Neuroscience, 2(3), 289–293. https://doi-org.brockport.idm.oclc.org/10.1038/6404. doi:10.1038/6404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasson, U., & Glucksberg, S. (2006). Does understanding negation entail affirmation? An examination of negated metaphors. Journal of Pragmatics, 38(7), 1015–1032. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2005.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbert, C., Kissler, J., Junghöfer, M., Peyk, P., & Rockstroh, B. (2006). Processing of emotional adjectives: Evidence from startle EMG and ERPs. Psychophysiology, 43(2), 197–206. https://doi-org.brockport.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00385.x. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00385.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillyard, S.A., & Anllo-Vento, J. (1998). Event-related brain potentials in the study of visual selective- attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Sciences, 95(3), 781–787. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.3.781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann, M. J., Kuchinke, L., Tamm, S., Võ, M. L.-H., & Jacobs, A. M. (2009). Affective processing within 1/10th of a second: High arousal is necessary for early facilitative processing of negative but not positive words. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 9(4), 389–397. https://doi-org.brockport.idm.oclc.org/10.3758/9.4.389. doi:10.3758/9.4.389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoosain, R. (1973). The processing of negation. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12(6), 618–626. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(73)80041-6
   Google Scholar
• Hulse, L. M., Allan, K., Memon, A., & Read, J. D. (2007). Emotional arousal and memory: A test of the poststimulus processing hypothesis. The American Journal of Psychology, 120(1), 73–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junghöfer, M., Bradley, M. M., Elbert, T. R., & Lang, P. J. (2001). Fleeting images: A new look at early emotion discrimination. Psychophysiology, 38(2), 175–178. https://doi-org.brockport.idm.oclc.org/10.1017/S0048577201000762. doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3820175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1992). A capacity theory of comprehension: Individual differences in working memory. Psychological Review, 99(1), 122–149. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.99.1.122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaup, B. (2001). Negation and its impact on the accessibility of text information. Memory & Cognition, 29(7), 960–967. doi:10.3758/BF03195758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaup, B., Yaxley, R. H., Madden, C. J., Zwaan, R. A., & Lüdtke, J. (2006). Experiential simulations of negated text information. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60(7), 976–990. doi:10.1080/17470210600823512
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaup, B., Zwaan, R. A., & Lüdtke, J. (2007). The experiential view of language comprehension: How is negation represented?. In F. Schmalhofer, C. A. Perfetti, F. Schmalhofer, & C. A. Perfetti (Eds.), Higher level language processes in the brain: Inference and comprehension processes (pp. 255–288). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Kintsch, W. (1988). The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: A construction-integration model. Psychological Review, 95(2), 163–182. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kissler, J., & Herbert, C. (2013). Emotion, etmnooi, or emitoon?-Faster lexical access to emotional than to neutral words during reading. Biological Psychology, 92(3), 464–479. https://doi-org.brockport.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.09.004. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knickerbocker, H., Johnson, R. L., & Altarriba, J. (2015). Emotion effects during reading: Influence of an emotion target word on eye movements and processing. Cognition & Emotion, 29(5), 784–806. https://doi-org.brockport.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.938023. doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.938023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kousta, S.-T., Vinson, D. P., & Vigliocco, G. (2009). Emotion words, regardless of polarity, have a processing advantage over neutral words. Cognition, 112(3), 473–481. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.06.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, L. J., & Edelstein, R. S. (2009). Emotion and memory narrowing: A review and goal- relevance approach. Cognition & Emotion, 23(5), 833–875. https://doi-org.brockport.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/02699930902738863. doi:10.1080/02699930902738863
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald, M. C., & Just, M. A. (1989). Changes in activation levels with negation. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15(4), 633–642. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.15.4.633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKay, D. G., & Ahmetzanov, M. V. (2005). Emotion, memory, and attention in the taboo stroop paradigm: An experimental analogue of flashbulb memories. Psychological Science, 16(1), 25–32. https://doi-org.brockport.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00776.x. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00776.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKay, D. G., Hadley, C. B., & Schwartz, J. H. (2005). Relations between emotion, illusory word perception, and orthographic repetition blindness: Tests of binding theory. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology, 58A(8), 1514–1533. https://doi-org.brockport.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/02724980443000728.
   Google Scholar
• MacKay, D. G., Shafto, M., Taylor, J. K., Marian, D. E., Abrams, L., & Dyer, J. R. (2004). Relations between emotion, memory, and attention: Evidence from taboo stroop, lexical decision, and immediate memory tasks. Memory & Cognition, 32(3), 474–488. https://doi-org.brockport.idm.oclc.org/10.3758/BF03195840. doi:10.3758/bf03195840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maratos, E. J., Allan, K., & Rugg, M. D. (2000). Recognition memory for emotionally negative and neutral words: An ERP study. Neuropsychologia, 38(11), 1452–1465. https://doi-org.brockport.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(00)00061-0. doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00061-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margolin, S.J. (2013). Can bold typeface improve readers’ comprehension and metacomprehension of negation? Reading Psychology, 34(1), 85–99. doi:10.1080/02702711.2011.626107
   Google Scholar
• Margolin, S. J. (2015). Older adults’ comprehension of transformational and deactivation negation. Educational Gerontology, 41(8), 604–612. doi:10.1080/03601277.2015.1024552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margolin, S.J., & Abrams, L. (2009). Not may not be too difficult: The effects of negation on older adults’ sentence comprehension. Educational Gerontology, 35(4), 306–320. doi:10.1080/03601270802505624
   Google Scholar
• Margolin, S.J., & Hover, P.A. (2011). Metacomprehension and negation: Assessing readers’ awareness of the difficulty of negated text. Reading Psychology, 32(2), 158–171. doi:10.1080/02702711003608121
   Google Scholar
• Margolin, S. J., & Snyder, N. (2018). It may not be that difficult the second time around: The effects of rereading on the comprehension and metacomprehension of negated text. Journal of Research in Reading, 41, 392–402. doi:10.1111/1467-9817.12114
   Google Scholar
• Mather, M. (2007). Emotional arousal and memory binding: An object-based framework. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 2(1), 33–52. https://doi-org.brockport.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00028.x. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00028.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mehler, J. (1963). Some effects of grammatical transformation on the recall of English sentences. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 2(4), 346–351. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(63)80103-6
   Google Scholar
• Phelps, E. A., Labar, K. S., Anderson, A. K., O'connor, K. J., Fulbright, R. K., & Spencer, D. D. (1998). Specifying the contributions of the human amygdala to emotional memory: A case study. Neurocase, 4(6), 527–540. https://doi-org.brockport.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/13554799808410645. doi:10.1080/13554799808410645
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenfeld, M., Hopf, J.-M., Martinez, A., Mai, H., Sattler, C., Gasde, A., … Hillyard, S. (2007). Spatio-temporal analysis of feature-based attention. Cerebral Cortex, 17(10), 2468–2477. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl154
   Google Scholar
• Schupp, H. T., Öhman, A., Junghöfer, M., Weike, A. I., Stockburger, J., & Hamm, A. O. (2004). The facilitated processing of threatening faces: An ERP analysis. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 4(2), 189–200. https://doi-org.brockport.idm.oclc.org/10.1037/1528-3542.4.2.189. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.4.2.189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman, M. A. (1973). Bound to be easier? The negative prefix and sentence comprehension. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12(1), 76–84. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(73)80062-3
   Google Scholar
• Sherman, M. A. (1976). Adjectival negation and the comprehension of multiply negated sentences. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 15(2), 143–157. doi:10.1016/0022-5371(76)90015-3
   Google Scholar
• Singer, M. (1992). Psychology of language. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Stokstad, M., & Cothren, M. (2011) Art History: Medieval Art. Upper Saddle River, Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Storbeck, J., Davidson, N. A., Dahl, C. F., Blass, S., & Yung, E. (2015). Emotion, working memory task demands and individual differences predict behavior, cognitive effort and negative affect. Cognition & Emotion, 29(1), 95–117. https://doi-org.brockport.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.904222. doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.904222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dijk, T. A. (1987). Episodic models in discourse processing. In R. Horowitz, S. J. Samuels, R. Horowitz, & S. J. Samuels (Eds.), Comprehending oral and written language (pp. 161–196). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Van Dijk, T.A., & Kintsch, W. (1983). Strategies of discourse comprehension. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Waters, G. S., & Caplan, D. (2001). Age, working memory, and on-line syntactic processing in sentence comprehension. Psychology and Aging, 16(1), 128–144. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.16.1.128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, C. A., & Bryant, D. S. (1995). Monitoring of comprehension: The role of text difficulty in metamemory for narrative and expository text. Memory & Cognition, 23(1), 12–22. doi:10.3758/BF03210553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwaan, R. A., Langston, M. C., & Graesser, A. C. (1995). The construction of situation models in narrative comprehension: An event-indexing model. Psychological Science, 6(5), 292–297. https://doi-org.brockport.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00513.x. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00513.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwaan, R.A., & Radvansky, G.A. (1998). Situation models in language comprehension and memory. Psychological Bulletin, 123(2), 162–185. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.123.2.162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar