2,834
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

Racial and Sexual Objectification of Asian American Women: Associations with Trauma Symptomatology, Body Image Concerns, and Disordered Eating

&

References

  • Abe-Kim, J., Takeuchi, D. T., Hong, S., Zane, N., Sue, S., Spencer, M. S., … Alegría, M. (2007). Use of mental health-related services among immigrant and US-born Asian Americans: Results from the National Latino and Asian American study. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 91–98. doi:10.2105/ajph.2006.098541
  • American Psychological Association’s Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. (2007). Report of the APA task force on the sexualization of girls. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pi/women/programs/girls/report-full.pdf
  • Augustus-Horvath, C. L., & Tylka, T. L. (2009). A test and extension of objectification theory as it predicts disordered eating: Does women’s age matter? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 253–265. doi:10.1037/a0014637
  • Bandermann, K. M., & Szymanski, D. M. (2014). Exploring coping mediators between heterosexist oppression and posttraumatic stress symptoms among lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1, 213–224. doi:10.1037/sgd0000044
  • Bryant-Davis, T. (2007). Healing requires recognition: The case for race-based traumatic stress. The Counseling Psychologist, 35, 135–143. doi:10.1177/0011000006295152
  • Bryant-Davis, T., & Ocampo, C. (2006). A therapeutic approach to the treatment of racist incident-based trauma. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 6, 1–22. doi:10.1300/j135v06n04_01
  • Carter, R. T. (2007). Racism and psychological and emotional injury: Recognizing and assessing race-based traumatic stress. The Counseling Psychologist, 35, 13–105. doi:10.1177/0011000006292033
  • Carter, R. T., & Forsyth, J. (2010). Reactions to racial discrimination: Emotional stress and help seeking behaviors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2, 183–191. doi:10.1037/a0020102
  • Castillo, L. G., Zahn, M. P., & Cano, M. A. (2012). Predictors of familial acculturative stress in Asian American college students. Journal of College Counseling, 15, 52–64. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1882.2012.00005.x
  • Chang, E. C. (2001). A look at the coping strategies and styles of Asian Americans: Similar and different? In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping with stress: Effective people and processes (pp. 222–239). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Chen, G. A., & Kim, S. C. (2009). Sexuality. In N. Tewari & A. Alvarez (Eds.), Asian American psychology: Current perspectives (pp. 247–272). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
  • Cheng, H. (2014). Disordered eating among Asian/Asian American women: Racial and cultural factors as correlates. The Counseling Psychologist, 42, 821–851. doi:10.1177/0011000014535472
  • Cheng, H., & Mallinckrodt, B. (2015). Racial/ethnic discrimination, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and alcohol problems in a longitudinal study of Hispanic/Latino college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62, 38–49. doi:10.1037/cou0000052
  • Cheng, H., Kwan, K. L. K., & Sevig, T. (2013). Racial and ethnic minority college students’ stigma associated with seeking psychological help: Examining psychocultural correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60, 98. doi:10.1037/a0031169
  • Cheng, H., Tran, A. T., Miyake, E. R., & Kim, H. Y. (2017). Disordered eating among Asian American college women: A racially-expanded model of objectification theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(2), 179–191. doi:10.1037/cou0000195
  • Chin, J. L. (2007). Psychotherapy for Asian American women warriors. Women & Therapy, 30, 7–16. doi:10.1300/J015v30n03_14
  • Chng, S. C. W., & Fassnacht, D. B. (2016). Parental comments: Relationship with gender, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating in Asian young adults. Body Image, 16, 93–99. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.12.001
  • Chow, E. N. L. (1987). The development of feminist consciousness among Asian American women. Gender & Society, 1, 284–299. doi:10.1177/089124387001003004
  • Cummins, L. H., & Lehman, J. (2007). Eating disorders and body image concerns in Asian American women: Assessment and treatment from a multicultural and feminist perspective. Eating Disorders, 15, 217–230. doi:10.1080/10640260701323474
  • Devos, T., & Banaji, M. R. (2005). American = White? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 447–466. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.447
  • Erchull, M. J., Liss, M., & Lichiello, S. (2013). Extending the negative consequences of media internalization and self-objectification to dissociation and self-harm. Sex Roles, 69, 583–593. doi:10.1007/s11199-013-0326-8
  • Espiritu, Y. L. (2008). Asian American women and men: Labor, laws, and love (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Felipe, L. C. S. (2016). The relationship of colonial mentality with Filipina American experiences with racism and sexism. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 7, 25–30. doi:10.1037/aap0000033
  • Forbes, G. B., & Frederick, D. A. (2007). The UCLA body project II: Breast and body dissatisfaction among African, Asian, European, and Hispanic American college women. Sex Roles, 58, 449–457. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9362-6
  • Forbes, G. B., & Jung, J. (2008). Measures based on sociocultural theory and feminist theory as predictors of multidimensional measures of body dissatisfaction among Korean and U.S. college women. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27, 70–103. doi:10.1521/jscp.2008.27.1.70
  • Franko, D. L., Becker, A. E., Thomas, J. J., & Herzog, D. B. (2007). Cross-ethnic differences in eating disorder symptoms and related distress. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40, 156–164. doi:10.1002/eat.20341
  • Frederick, D. A., Kelly, M. C., Latner, J. D., Sandhu, G., & Tsong, Y. (2016). Body image and face image in Asian American and White women: Examining associations with surveillance, construal of self, perfectionism, and sociocultural pressures. Body Image, 16, 113–125. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.12.002
  • Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173–206. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
  • Gil-Kashiwabara, E. F. (2002). Body image disturbance and disordered eating in African American and Latina women. In L. H. Collins & M. R. Dunlap (Eds.), Charting a new course for feminist psychology (pp. 282–306). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
  • Hall, C. C. I. (2009). Asian American women: The nail that sticks out is hammered down. In N. Tewari & A. Alvarez (Eds.), Asian American psychology: Current perspectives (pp. 193–210). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
  • Helms, J. E., Nicolas, G., & Green, C. E. (2010). Racism and ethnoviolence as trauma: Enhancing professional training. Traumatology, 16, 53–62. doi:10.1177/1534765610389595
  • Iwamasa, G. (2003). Recommendations for the treatment of Asian American/Pacific Islander populations. In Council of National Psychological Associations for the Advancement of Ethnic Minority Interests (Ed.), Psychological treatment of ethnic minority populations (pp. 8–12). Washington, DC: Association of Black Psychologists.
  • Iyer, D. S., & Haslam, N. (2003). Body image and eating disturbance among South Asian-American women: The role of racial teasing. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 34, 142–147. doi:10.1002/eat.10170
  • Kalof, L. (2000). Ethnic differences in female sexual victimization. Sexuality and Culture, 4, 75–98. doi:10.1007/s12119-000-1005-9
  • Kawamura, K., & Rice, T. (2009). Body image among Asian Americans. In N. Tewari & A. Alvarez (Eds.), Asian American psychology: Current perspectives (pp. 537–558). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
  • Kawamura, K. Y. (2011). Asian American body images. In T. F. Cash, & L. Smolak (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and presentation (pp. 229–236). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Kim, S. Y., Seo, Y. S., & Baek, K. Y. (2014). Face consciousness among South Korean women: A culture-specific extension of objectification theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61, 24–36. doi:10.1037/a0034433
  • Koo, K. H., Nguyen, H. V., Gilmore, A. K., Blayney, J. A., & Kaysen, D. L. (2014). Posttraumatic cognitions, somatization, and PTSD severity among Asian American and White college women with sexual trauma histories. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6, 337–344. doi:10.1037/a0033830
  • Lee, M. Y., & Law, P. F. M. (2001). Perception of sexual violence against women in Asian American communities. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 10, 3–25. doi:10.1300/j051v10n02_02
  • Lee, S. J., & Vaught, S. (2003). “You can never be too rich or too thin”: Popular and consumer culture and the Americanization of Asian American girls and young women. The Journal of Negro Education, 72, 457. doi:10.2307/3211196
  • Liang, C. T. H., Alvarez, A. N., Juang, L. P., & Liang, M. X. (2009). The role of coping in the relationship between perceived racism and racism-related stress for Asian Americans: Gender differences. Asian American Journal of Psychology, S, 56–69. doi:10.1037/1948-1985.s.1.56
  • Lowe, S. M., Okubo, Y., & Reilly, M. F. (2012). A qualitative inquiry into racism, trauma, and coping: Implications for supporting victims of racism. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43, 190–198. doi:10.1037/a0026501
  • Luo, T. Y. (2000). “Marrying my rapist?!”: The cultural trauma among Chinese rape survivors. Gender & Society, 14, 581–597. doi:10.1177/089124300014004006
  • Miles-McLean, H., Liss, M., Erchull, M. J., Robertson, C. M., Hagerman, C., Gnoleba, M. A., & Papp, L. J. (2014). “Stop Looking at Me!”: Interpersonal sexual objectification as a source of insidious trauma. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 39, 363–374. doi:10.1177/0361684314561018
  • Mintz, L. B., & Kashubeck, S. (1999). Body image and disordered eating among Asian American and Caucasian college students. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 23, 781–796. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1999.tb00397.x
  • Mitchell, K. S., & Mazzeo, S. E. (2009). Evaluation of a structural model of objectification theory and eating disorder symptomatology among European American and African American undergraduate women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 33, 384–395. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01516.x
  • Moradi, B. (2010). Addressing gender and cultural diversity in body image: Objectification theory as a framework for integrating theories and grounding research. Sex Roles, 63, 138–148. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9824-0
  • Moradi, B. (2011). Objectification theory: Areas of promise and refinement. The Counseling Psychologist, 39, 153–163. doi:10.1177/0011000010384279
  • Moradi, B. (2013). Discrimination, objectification, and dehumanization: Toward a pantheoretical framework. In S. J. Gervais (Ed.), Objectification and dehumanization (pp. 153–181). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Moradi, B., Dirks, D., & Matteson, A. V. (2005). Roles of sexual objectification experiences and internalization of standards of beauty in eating disorder symptomatology: A test and extension of objectification theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 420–428. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.420
  • Moradi, B., & Huang, Y. P. (2008). Objectification theory and psychology of women: A decade of advances and future directions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32, 377–398. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00452.x
  • Moradi, B., & Subich, L. M. (2003). A concomitant examination of the relations of perceived racist and sexist events to psychological distress for African American women. The Counseling Psychologist, 31, 451–469. doi:10.1177/0011000003031004007
  • Noh, E. (2007). Asian American women and suicide. Women & Therapy, 30, 87–107. doi:10.1300/j015v30n04_08
  • Nussbaum, M. C. (1995). Objectification. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 24, 249–291. doi:10.1111/j.1088-4963.1995.tb00032.x
  • Park, S. H., Brody, L. R., & Wilson, V. R. (2008). Social sharing of emotional experiences in Asian American and European American women. Cognition & Emotion, 22, 802–814. doi:10.1080/02699930701529117
  • Pieterse, A. L., Carter, R. T., Evans, S. A., & Walter, R. A. (2010). An exploratory examination of the associations among racial and ethnic discrimination, racial climate, and trauma-related symptoms in a college student population. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57, 255–263. doi:10.1037/a0020040
  • Polanco-Roman, L., Danies, A., & Anglin, D. M. (2016). Racial discrimination as race-based trauma, coping strategies, and dissociative symptoms among emerging adults. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8, 609–617. doi:10.1037/tra0000125
  • Porter, N. (2015). The butterfly dilemma: Asian women, whiteness, and heterosexual relationships. Women & Therapy, 38, 207–219. doi:10.1080/02703149.2015.1059182
  • Pyke, K. D., & Johnson, D. L. (2003). Asian American women and racialized femininities: “Doing” gender across cultural worlds. Gender & Society, 17, 33–53. doi:10.1177/0891243202238977
  • Reddy, S. D., & Crowther, J. H. (2007). Teasing, acculturation, and cultural conflict: Psychosocial correlates of body image and eating attitudes among South Asian women. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13, 45–53. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.13.1.45
  • Roberts, A. L., Gilman, S. E., Breslau, J., Breslau, N., & Koenen, K. C. (2010). Racial/ethnic differences in PTSD risk and treatment-seeking behavior. Psychological Medicine, 41, 71–83. doi:10.1017/S0033291710000401
  • Root, M. P. (1992). Reconstructing the impact of trauma on personality. In M. Ballou & L. Brown (Eds.), Theories of personality and psychopathology: Feminist reappraisals (pp. 229–265). New York, NY: Guildford Press.
  • Scurfield, R. M., & Mackey, D. W. (2001). Racism, trauma and positive aspects of exposure to race-related experiences. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 10, 23–47. doi:10.1300/j051v10n01_02
  • Slevec, J., & Tiggeman, M. (2011). Media exposure, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating in middle-aged women: A test of the sociocultural model of disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35, 617–627. doi:10.1177/0361684311420249
  • Smart, R., & Tsong, Y. (2014). Weight, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating: Asian American women’s perspectives. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 5, 344–352. doi:10.1037/a0035599
  • Smart, R., Tsong, Y., Mejia, O. L., Hayashino, D., & Braaten, M. E. T. (2011). Therapists’ experiences treating Asian American women with eating disorders. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42, 308–315. doi:10.1037/a0024179
  • Striegel-Moore, R. H., & Bulik, C. M. (2007). Risk factors for eating disorders. American Psychologist, 62, 181–198. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.62.3.181
  • Sue, D. W., Bucceri, J. M., Lin, A. I., Nadal, K. L., & Torino, G. C. (2007). Racial microaggressions and the Asian American experience. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13, 72–81. doi:10.1037/1948-1985.s.1.88
  • Szymanski, D. M., & Balsam, K. F. (2011). Insidious trauma: Examining the relationship between heterosexism and lesbians’ PTSD symptoms. Traumatology, 17, 4–13. doi:10.1177/1534765609358464
  • Szymanski, D. M., Carr, E. R., & Moffitt, L. B. (2010). Sexual objectification of women: Clinical implications and training considerations. The Counseling Psychologist, 39, 107–126. doi:10.1177/0011000010378450
  • Szymanski, D. M., & Henning, S. L. (2007). The role of self-objectification in women’s depression: A test of objectification theory. Sex Roles, 56, 45–53. doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9147-3
  • Thompson, B. (1994). Food, bodies, and growing up female: Childhood lessons about culture, race, and class. In P. Fallon, M. A. Katzman, & S. C. Wooley (Eds.), Feminist perspectives on eating disorders (pp. 355–378). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Thompson, B. (1996). Multiracial feminist theorizing about eating problems: Refusing to rank oppressions. Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention, 4, 104–114. doi:10.1080/10640269608249178
  • Thompson, J. K., Heinberg, L. J., Altabe, M. N., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999). Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Tiggemann, M. (2002). Media influences on body image development. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (pp. 91–98). New York, NY: Guildford Press.
  • Ting, J. Y., & Hwang, W. C. (2007). Eating disorders in Asian American women. Women & Therapy, 30, 145–160. doi:10.1300/j015v30n03_11
  • Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (1998). Prevalence, incidence, and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the national violence against women survey. Washington, DC, USA: Department of Justice.
  • Tolaymat, L. D., & Moradi, B. (2011). U.S. Muslim women and body image: Links among objectification theory constructs and the hijab. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 383–392. doi:10.1037/a0023461
  • Tsong, Y., & Smart, R. (2014). Assessing eating pathology in Asian Americans. In L. T. Benuto, N. S. Thaler, & B. D. Leany (Eds.), Guide to psychological assessment with Asians (pp. 243–260). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Tsong, Y., & Smart, R. (2015). The role of cultural beliefs in disordered eating among Asian-American women. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 6, 342–349. doi:10.1037/aap0000029
  • Tylka, T. L., & Kroon Van Diest, A. M. (2015). You looking at her “hot” body may not be “cool” for me: Integrating male partners’ pornography use into objectification theory for women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 39, 67–84. doi:10.1177/0361684314521784
  • Velez, B. L., Campos, I. D., & Moradi, B. (2015). Relations of sexual objectification and racist discrimination with Latina women’s body image and mental health. The Counseling Psychologist, 43, 906–935. doi:10.1177/0011000015591287
  • Vera, E. M., & Speight, S. L. (2003). Multicultural competence, social justice, and counseling psychology: Expanding our roles. The Counseling Psychologist, 31, 253–272. doi:10.1177/0011000003031003001
  • Watson, L. B., Ancis, J. R., White, D. N., & Nazari, N. (2013). Racial identity buffers African American women from body image problems and disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 37, 337–350. doi:10.1177/0361684312474799
  • Watson, L. B., Robinson, D., Dispenza, F., & Nazari, N. (2012). African American women’s sexual objectification experiences: A qualitative study. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36, 458–475. doi:10.1177/0361684312454724
  • Yokoyama, K. (2007). The double binds of our bodies. Women & Therapy, 30, 177–192. doi:10.1300/j015v30n04_13

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.