Exercise and Anxiety in Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials

References

• Bray F, Laversanne M, Weiderpass E, Soerjomataram IJC. The ever-increasing importance of cancer as a leading cause of premature death worldwide. Cancer 2021;127(16):3029–3030. doi:10.1002/cncr.33587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global Health Estimates Deaths By Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000–2019. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA A Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–249. doi:10.3322/caac.21660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Organization WH. Cancer. 2021. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer.
   Google Scholar
• Vos T, Lim SS, Abbafati C, et al. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1204–1222. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2020. http://www.who.int/data/gho.
   Google Scholar
• Naghavi M, Abajobir AA, Abbafati C, et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1151–1210. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer S, Das-Munshi J, Brähler E. Prevalence of mental health conditions in cancer patients in acute care—a meta-analysis. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(5):925–930. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhnt S, Brähler E, Faller H, et al. Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in cancer patients. Psychother Psychosom. 2016;85(5):289–296. doi:10.1159/000446991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu D, Andersson TML, Fall K, et al. Clinical diagnosis of mental disorders immediately before and after cancer diagnosis: a nationwide matched cohort study in Sweden. JAMA Oncol. 2016;2(9):1188–1196. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.0483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amiri S, Behnezhad S. Cancer diagnosis and suicide mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Suicide Res. 2020;24(suppl 2):S94–S112. doi:10.1080/13811118.2019.1596182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker ZJ, Xue S, Jones MP, Ravindran AV. Depression, anxiety, and other mental disorders in patients with cancer in low-and lower-middle–income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JCO Glob Oncol. 2021;7:1233–1250. doi:10.1200/GO.21.00056.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greer JA, Solis JM, Temel JS, et al. Anxiety disorders in long-term survivors of adult cancers. Psychosomatics 2011;52(5):417–423. doi:10.1016/j.psym.2011.01.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62(6):593–602. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadri N, Agoub M, El Gnaoui S, Berrada S, Moussaoui D. Prevalence of anxiety disorders: a population-based epidemiological study in metropolitan area of Casablanca, Morocco. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2007;6(1):6–6. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-6-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baxter AJ, Scott KM, Vos T, Whiteford HA. Global prevalence of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-regression. Psychol Med. 2013;43(5):897–910. doi:10.1017/S003329171200147X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vink D, Aartsen MJ, Schoevers RA. Risk factors for anxiety and depression in the elderly: a review. J Affect Disord. 2008;106(1–2):29–44. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.06.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pahl KM, Barrett PM, Gullo MJ. Examining potential risk factors for anxiety in early childhood. J Anxiety Disord. 2012;26(2):311–320. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.12.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco C, Rubio J, Wall M, Wang S, Jiu CJ, Kendler KS. Risk factors for anxiety disorders: common and specific effects in a national sample. Depress Anxiety 2014;31(9):756–764. doi:10.1002/da.22247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson AJ, Shrivastava PP, Jamsen K, et al. Risk factors for anxiety at induction of anesthesia in children: a prospective cohort study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2006;16(9):919–927. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2006.01904.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin Y, He L, Kang Y, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of anxiety status among students aged 13-26 years. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2014;7(11):4420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narmandakh A, Roest AM, de Jonge P, Oldehinkel AJ. Psychosocial and biological risk factors of anxiety disorders in adolescents: a TRAILS report. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021;30(12):1969–1914. doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01669-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neckelmann D, Mykletun A, Dahl AA. Chronic insomnia as a risk factor for developing anxiety and depression. Sleep 2007;30(7):873–880. doi:10.1093/sleep/30.7.873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gariepy G, Nitka D, Schmitz N. The association between obesity and anxiety disorders in the population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond). 2010;34(3):407–419. doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amiri S, Behnezhad S. Obesity and anxiety symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychiatry 2019;33(2):72–89. doi:10.1007/s40211-019-0302-9.
   Google Scholar
• Amiri S, Behnezhad S. Diabetes and anxiety symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2019;009121741983740. 0091217419837407. doi:10.1177/0091217419837407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith KJ, Béland M, Clyde M, et al. Association of diabetes with anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2013;74(2):89–99. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.11.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vøllestad J, Nielsen MB, Nielsen GH. Mindfulness-and acceptance-based interventions for anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Clin Psychol. 2012;51(3):239–260. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.2011.02024.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoogman S, Goldberg SB, Vousoura E, Diamond MC, Miller L. Effect of yoga-based interventions for anxiety symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Spirituality Clin Pract. 2019;6(4):256–278. doi:10.1037/scp0000202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domhardt M, Geßlein H, von Rezori RE, Baumeister H. Internet-and mobile-based interventions for anxiety disorders: a meta-analytic review of intervention components. Depress Anxiety 2019;36(3):213–224. doi:10.1002/da.22860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeberg I, Nielsen IB, Jørgensen CK, Eskestad ND, Miskowiak KW. Effects of psychological and pharmacological interventions on anxiety symptoms in patients with bipolar disorder in full or partial remission: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2021;279:31–45. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon BR, McDowell CP, Lyons M, Herring MP. The effects of resistance exercise training on anxiety: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sports Med. 2017;47(12):2521–2532. doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0769-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart AL, Hays RD, Wells KB, Rogers WH, Spritzer KL, Greenfield S. Long-term functioning and well-being outcomes associated with physical activity and exercise in patients with chronic conditions in the Medical Outcomes Study. J Clin Epidemiol. 1994;47(7):719–730. doi:10.1016/0895-4356(94)90169-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavie CJ, Milani RV. Adverse psychological and coronary risk profiles in young patients with coronary artery disease and benefits of formal cardiac rehabilitation. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(17):1878–1883. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.17.1878.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Hootman JM, Jones DL. Exercise and health-related quality of life in older community-dwelling adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Appl Gerontol. 2009;28(3):369–394. doi:10.1177/0733464808327456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillison FB, Skevington SM, Sato A, Standage M, Evangelidou S. The effects of exercise interventions on quality of life in clinical and healthy populations; a meta-analysis. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68(9):1700–1710. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly ME, Loughrey D, Lawlor BA, Robertson IH, Walsh C, Brennan S. The impact of exercise on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Res Rev. 2014;16:12–31. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2014.05.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon BR, McDowell CP, Hallgren M, Meyer JD, Lyons M, Herring MP. Association of efficacy of resistance exercise training with depressive symptoms: meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of randomized clinical trials. JAMA Psychiatry 2018;75(6):566–576. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvam S, Kleppe CL, Nordhus IH, Hovland A. Exercise as a treatment for depression: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016;202:67–86. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Richards J, Rosenbaum S, Ward PB, Stubbs B. Exercise as a treatment for depression: a meta-analysis adjusting for publication bias. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;77:42–51. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.02.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poyatos-León R, García-Hermoso A, Sanabria-Martínez G, Álvarez-Bueno C, Cavero-Redondo I, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. Effects of exercise-based interventions on postpartum depression: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Birth 2017;44(3):200–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell A, Hausenblas HA. Effects of exercise interventions on body image: A meta-analysis. J Health Psychol. 2009;14(6):780–793. doi:10.1177/1359105309338977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amiri S, Hasani J, Satkin M. Effect of exercise training on improving sleep disturbances: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Sleep Med. 2021;84:205–218. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.05.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long BC, Stavel R. Effects of exercise training on anxiety: a meta-analysis. J Appl Sport Psychol. 1995;7(2):167–189. doi:10.1080/10413209508406963.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petruzzello SJ, Landers DM, Hatfield BD, Kubitz KA, Salazar W. A meta-analysis on the anxiety-reducing effects of acute and chronic exercise. Sports Med. 1991;11(3):143–182. doi:10.2165/00007256-199111030-00002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramírez-Vélez R, Zambom-Ferraresi F, García-Hermoso A, Kievisiene J, Rauckiene-Michealsson A, Agostinis-Sobrinho C. Evidence-based exercise recommendations to improve mental wellbeing in women with breast cancer during active treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(2):264. doi:10.3390/cancers13020264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra SI, Scherer RW, Snyder C, Geigle P, Gotay C. Are exercise programs effective for improving health-related quality of life among cancer survivors? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2014;41(6):E326–E342. doi:10.1188/14.ONF.E326-E342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stout NL, Baima J, Swisher AK, Winters-Stone KM, Welsh J. A systematic review of exercise systematic reviews in the cancer literature (2005-2017). PM R. 2017;9(s2):S347–s384. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.07.074.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins J.P., Altman D.G., Gøtzsche P.C., Jüni, P., Moher, D., Oxman, A.D., Savović, J., Schulz, K.F., Weeks, L. and Sterne, J.A., 2011. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. Bmj, 343.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, et al. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Cambridge, MA: Academic press; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Hedges Larry V., and Ingram Olkin. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Academic press, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21(11):1539–1558. doi:10.1002/sim.1186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ioannidis JP, Patsopoulos NA, Evangelou E. Uncertainty in heterogeneity estimates in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2007;335(7626):914–916. doi:10.1136/bmj.39343.408449.80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557–560. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothstein H.R., Sutton A.J. and Borenstein, M., 2005. Publication bias in metaanalysis. Publication bias in meta-analysis: Prevention, assessment and adjustments, pp.1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JP, Rothstein HR. Introduction to Meta-Analysis. Hoboken, NK: John Wiley & Sons; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Duval S, Tweedie R. Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics 2000;56(2):455–463. doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begg CB, Mazumdar MJB. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics 1994;50(4):1088–1101. doi:10.2307/2533446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, Minder CJB. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629–634. doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams SC, DeLorey DS, Davenport MH, Fairey AS, North S, Courneya KS. Effects of high-intensity interval training on fatigue and quality of life in testicular cancer survivors. Br J Cancer 2018;118(10):1313–1321. doi:10.1038/s41416-018-0044-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anestin AS, Dupuis G, Lanctôt D, Bali M. The effects of the Bali Yoga Program for breast cancer patients on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: results of a partially randomized and blinded controlled trial. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(4):721–730. doi:10.1177/2156587217706617.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Banerjee B, Vadiraj HS, Ram A, et al. Effects of an integrated yoga program in modulating psychological stress and radiation-induced genotoxic stress in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Integr Cancer Ther. 2007;6(3):242–250. doi:10.1177/1534735407306214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadmus LA, Salovey P, Yu H, Chung G, Kasl S, Irwin ML. Exercise and quality of life during and after treatment for breast cancer: results of two randomized controlled trials. Psycho-Oncol. 2009;18(4):343–352. doi:10.1002/pon.1525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandwani KD, Thornton B, Perkins GH, et al. Yoga improves quality of life and benefit finding in women undergoing radiotherapy for breast cancer. J Soc Integr Oncol. 2010;8(2):43–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang P-H, Lai Y-H, Shun S-C, et al. Effects of a walking intervention on fatigue-related experiences of hospitalized acute myelogenous leukemia patients undergoing chemotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2008;35(5):524–534. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.06.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen H-M, Tsai C-M, Wu Y-C, Lin K-C, Lin C-C. Randomised controlled trial on the effectiveness of home-based walking exercise on anxiety, depression and cancer-related symptoms in patients with lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2015;112(3):438–445. doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng D, Wang X, Hu J, et al. Effect of Tai Chi and resistance training on cancer-related fatigue and quality of life in middle-aged and elderly cancer patients. Chin J Integr Med. 2021;27(4):265–272. doi:10.1007/s11655-021-3278-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung DST, Takemura N, Lam TC, et al. Feasibility of aerobic exercise and Tai-Chi interventions in advanced lung cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial. Integr Cancer Ther. 2021;20:15347354211033352. doi:10.1177/15347354211033352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen L, Warneke C, Fouladi RT, Rodriguez MA, Chaoul-Reich A. Psychological adjustment and sleep quality in a randomized trial of the effects of a Tibetan yoga intervention in patients with lymphoma. Cancer 2004;100(10):2253–2260. doi:10.1002/cncr.20236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cormie P, Newton RU, Spry N, Joseph D, Taaffe DR, Galvão DA. Safety and efficacy of resistance exercise in prostate cancer patients with bone metastases. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2013;16(4):328–335. doi:10.1038/pcan.2013.22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courneya KS, Segal RJ, Mackey JR, et al. Effects of aerobic and resistance exercise in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. JCO. 2007;25(28):4396–4404. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.08.2024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer H, Pokhrel B, Fester C, et al. A randomized controlled bicenter trial of yoga for patients with colorectal cancer. Psychooncology 2016;25(4):412–420. doi:10.1002/pon.3927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer H, Rabsilber S, Lauche R, Kümmel S, Dobos G. Yoga and meditation for menopausal symptoms in breast cancer survivors—a randomized controlled trial. Cancer 2015;121(13):2175–2184. doi:10.1002/cncr.29330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhruva A, Miaskowski C, Abrams D, et al. Yoga breathing for cancer chemotherapy–associated symptoms and quality of life: results of a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2012;18(5):473–479. doi:10.1089/acm.2011.0555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardoerfer K, Jentschke E. Effect of yoga therapy on symptoms of anxiety in cancer patients. Oncol Res Treat. 2018;41(9):526–532. doi:10.1159/000488989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho M, Ho JWC, Fong DYT, et al. Effects of dietary and physical activity interventions on generic and cancer-specific health-related quality of life, anxiety, and depression in colorectal cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. J Cancer Surviv. 2020;14(4):424–433. doi:10.1007/s11764-020-00864-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jong MC, Boers I, Schouten van der Velden AP, et al. A randomized study of yoga for fatigue and quality of life in women with breast cancer undergoing (neo) adjuvant chemotherapy. J Altern Complement Med. 2018;24(9–10):942–953. doi:10.1089/acm.2018.0191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kampshoff CS, Chinapaw MJM, Brug J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of the effects of high intensity and low-to-moderate intensity exercise on physical fitness and fatigue in cancer survivors: results of the Resistance and Endurance exercise After ChemoTherapy (REACT) study. BMC Med. 2015;13(1):1–12. doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0513-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanctôt D, Dupuis G, Marcaurell R, Anestin AS, Bali M, Medicine I. The effects of the Bali Yoga Program (BYP-BC) on reducing psychological symptoms in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: results of a randomized, partially blinded, controlled trial. J Complement Integr Med. 2016;13(4):405–412.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mehnert A, Veers S, Howaldt D, Braumann K-M, Koch U, Schulz K-H. Effects of a physical exercise rehabilitation group program on anxiety, depression, body image, and health-related quality of life among breast cancer patients. Oncol Res Treatment 2011;34(5):248–253.
   Google Scholar
• Midtgaard J, Stage M, Møller T, et al. Exercise may reduce depression but not anxiety in self-referred cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Post-hoc analysis of data from the ‘Body & Cancer’trial. Acta Oncol. 2011;50(5):660–669. doi:10.3109/0284186X.2010.543145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikkelsen MK, Lund CM, Vinther A, et al. Effects of a 12-week multimodal exercise intervention among older patients with advanced cancer: results from a randomized controlled trial. Oncologist. 2022;27(1):67–78. doi:10.1002/onco.13970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter LS, Carson JW, Olsen M, et al. Feasibility of a mindful yoga program for women with metastatic breast cancer: results of a randomized pilot study. Support Care Cancer 2019;27(11):4307–4316. doi:10.1007/s00520-019-04710-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quist M, Langer SW, Lillelund C, et al. Effects of an exercise intervention for patients with advanced inoperable lung cancer undergoing chemotherapy: a randomized clinical trial. Lung Cancer 2020;145:76–82. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.05.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers LQ, Vicari S, Trammell R, et al. Biobehavioral factors mediate exercise effects on fatigue in breast cancer survivors. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(6):1077–1088. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salchow JL, Strunk MA, Niels T, Steck J, Minto C-A, Baumann FT. A randomized controlled pilot trial about the influence of Kyusho Jitsu exercise on self-efficacy, fear, depression, and distress of breast cancer patients within follow-up care. Integr Cancer Ther. 2021;20:15347354211037955. doi:10.1177/15347354211037955.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Şener HÖ, Malkoç M, Ergin G, Karadibak D, Yavuzşen T. Effects of clinical Pilates exercises on patients developing lymphedema after breast cancer treatment: a randomized clinical trial. J Breast Health. 2017;13(1):16–22. doi:10.5152/tjbh.2016.3136.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vadiraja HS, Raghavendra RM, Nagarathna R, et al. Effects of a yoga program on cortisol rhythm and mood states in early breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. Integr Cancer Ther. 2009;8(1):37–46. doi:10.1177/1534735409331456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ying W, Min QW, Lei T, Na ZX, Li L, Jing L. The health effects of Baduanjin exercise (a type of Qigong exercise) in breast cancer survivors: a randomized, controlled, single-blinded trial. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2019;39:90–97. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2019.01.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhi WI, Baser RE, Zhi LM, et al. Yoga for cancer survivors with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: health-related quality of life outcomes. Cancer Med. 2021;10(16):5456–5465. doi:10.1002/cam4.4098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ensari I, Greenlee TA, Motl RW, Petruzzello SJ. Meta-analysis of acute exercise effects on state anxiety: An update of randomized controlled trials over the past 25 years. Depress Anxiety 2015;32(8):624–634. doi:10.1002/da.22370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stonerock GL, Hoffman BM, Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA. Exercise as treatment for anxiety: systematic review and analysis. Ann Behav Med. 2015;49(4):542–556. doi:10.1007/s12160-014-9685-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herring MP, O’Connor PJ, Dishman RK. The effect of exercise training on anxiety symptoms among patients: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(4):321–331. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.530.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDowell CP, Cook DB, Herring MP. The effects of exercise training on anxiety in fibromyalgia patients: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017;49(9):1868–1876. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira TL, Ribeiro HS, Ribeiro ALA, et al. Exercise interventions improve depression and anxiety in chronic kidney disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2021;53(5):925–933. doi:10.1007/s11255-020-02612-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow YWY, Tsang HWH. Biopsychosocial effects of qigong as a mindful exercise for people with anxiety disorders: a speculative review. J Altern Complement Med. 2007;13(8):831–840. doi:10.1089/acm.2007.7166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson E, Shivakumar G. Effects of exercise and physical activity on anxiety. Front Psychiatry 2013;4:27–27. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crews DJ, Landers DM. A meta-analytic review of aerobic fitness and reactivity to psychosocial stressors. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1987;19(5 Suppl):S114–S120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Åstrand P-O, Rodahl K, Dahl HA, Strømme SB. Textbook of Work Physiology: Physiological Bases of Exercise. Human Kinetics; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson EM, Dishman RK. Cardiorespiratory fitness and laboratory stress: a meta-regression analysis. Psychophysiology 2006;43(1):57–72. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00373.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimmele U, Zellweger BC, Marti B, et al. Trained men show lower cortisol, heart rate and psychological responses to psychosocial stress compared with untrained men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007;32(6):627–635. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.04.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Kloet ER, Joëls M, Holsboer F. Stress and the brain: from adaptation to disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005;6(6):463–475. doi:10.1038/nrn1683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landgraf R, Wigger A, Holsboer F, Neumann ID. Hyper-reactive hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in rats bred for high anxiety-related behaviour. J Neuroendocrinol. 1999;11(6):405–407. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00342.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodnar RJ, Klein GE. Endogenous opiates and behavior: 2004. Peptides 2005;26(12):2629–2711. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2005.06.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar