Intraspecific Differences in Responses of Marsh Frog (Pelophylax ridibundus) Tadpoles Exposed to Environmentally Relevant and Acute Levels of Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizer

LITERATURE CITED

• Berger , L. 1989 . Disappearance of amphibian larvae in the agricultural landscape . Ecology International Bulletin , 17 : 65 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Berrill , M. , Bertram , S. , McGillivray , L. , Kolohon , M. and Pauli , B. 1994 . Effects of low concentrations of forest-use pesticides on frog embryos and tadpoles . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 13 : 657 – 664 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogardi , I. , Kuzelka , R. D. and Ennenga , W. G. 1991 . Nitrate contamination: exposure, consequence, and control. NATO ASI Series G: Ecological Sciences Vol. 30 , New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Boone , M. D. , Bridges , C. M. , Fairchild , J. F. and Little , E. E. 2005 . Multiple sublethal chemicals negatively affect tadpoles of the green frog (Rana clamitans.) . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 24 : 1267 – 1272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford , D. F. 1991 . Mass mortality and extinction in a high-elevation population of Rana muscosa. . Journal of Herpetology , 2 : 174 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Bridges , C. M. and Semlitsch , R. D. 2000 . Variation in pesticide tolerance of tadpoles among and within species of Ranidae and patterns of amphibian decline . Conservation Biology , 14 : 1490 – 1499 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgett , A. A. , Wright , C. D. , Smith , G. R. , Fortune , D. T. and Johnson , S. L. 2007 . Impact of ammonium nitrate on wood frog (Rana sylvatica) tadpoles: effects on survivorship and behavior . Herpetological Conservation and Biology , 2 : 29 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Camargo , J. A. , Alonso , A. and Salamanca , A. 2005 . Nitrate toxicity to aquatic animals: A review with new data for freshwater invertebrates . Chemosphere , 58 : 1255 – 1267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey , C. , Cohen , N. and Rollins-Smith , L. 1999 . Amphibian declines: an immunological perspective . Developmental and Comparative Immunology , 23 : 459 – 472 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalmers , A. , Kershaw , C. and Leech , P. 1990 . Fertilizer use on farm crops in Great Britain: results from the survey of fertilizer practice, 1969–88 . Outlook on Agriculture , 19 : 269 – 278 .
   Google Scholar
• Corn , P. S. and Fogleman , J. C. 1984 . Extinction of montane populations of the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) in Colorado . Journal of Herpetology , 18 : 147 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earl , J. E. and Whiteman , H. H. 2009 . Effects of pulsed nitrate exposure on amphibian development . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 28 : 1331 – 1337 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , T. M. , McCoy , K. A. , Barbeau , T. , McCoy , M. W. , Thro , J. M. Jr. and Guillette , L. J. 2006 . Environmental context determines nitrate toxicity in southern toad (Bufo terrestris) tadpoles . Aquatic Toxicology , 78 : 50 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenn , M. E. , Baron , J. S. , Allen , E. B. , Rueth , H. M. , Nydick , K. R. and Geiser , L. 2003 . Ecological effects of nitrogen deposition in the western United States . Bioscience , 53 : 404 – 420 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes , V. E. and Calow , P. 1997 . Responses of aquatic organisms to pollutant stress: theoretical and practical implications 25 – 42 . Berlin : Springer Verlag . Environmental stress, adaptation and evolution
   Google Scholar
• Galloway , J. N. , Aber , J. D. , Erisman , J. W. , Seitzinger , S. P. , Howarth , R. W. , Cowling , E. B. and Cosby , B. J. 2003 . The nitrogen cascade . Bioscience , 53 : 341 – 356 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosner , K. L. 1960 . A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification . Herpetologica , 16 : 183 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Griffis-Kyle , K. L. 2007 . Sublethal effects of nitrite on tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum) and wood frog (Rana sylvatica) embryos and larvae: Implications for weld populations . Aquatic Ecology , 41 : 119 – 127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffis-Kyle , K. L. and Ritchie , M. E. 2007 . Amphibian survival, growth and development in response to mineral nitrogen exposure and predator cues in the field: an experimental approach . Oecologia , 152 : 633 – 642 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamer , A. J. , Makings , J. A. , Lane , S. J. and Mahony , M. J. 2004 . Amphibian decline and fertilizers used on agricultural land in south-eastern Australia . Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment , 102 ( 3 ) : 299 – 305 .
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton , M. A. , Russo , R. C. and Thurston , R. V. 1977 . Trimmed Spearman-Karber method for estimating median lethal concentrations in toxicity bioassays . Environmental Science and Technology , 11 : 714 – 719 . Correction 12: 417(1978
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatch , A. C. and Blaustein , A. R. 2000 . Combined effects of W-B, nitrate, and low pH reduce the survival and activity level of larval cascades frogs (Rana cascadae) . Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 39 : 494 – 499 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatch , A. C. and Blaustein , A. R. 2003 . Combined effects of the UV-B radiation and nitrate fertilizer on larval amphibians . Ecological Applications , 13 : 1083 – 1093 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecnar , S. J. 1995 . Acute and chronic toxicity of ammonium nitrate fertilizer to amphibians from southern Ontario . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 14 : 2131 – 2137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland , E. A. , Braswell , B. H. , Sulzman , J. and Lamarque , J. F. 2005 . Nitrogen deposition onto the United States and western Europe: synthesis of observations and models . Ecological Applications , 15 : 38 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloway , G. J. , Sibly , R. M. and Povey , S. R. 1990 . Evolution in toxic-stressed environments . Functional Ecology , 4 : 289 – 294 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson , M. , Räsähen , K. and Merilä , J. 2001 . Comparison of nitrate tolerance between different populations of the common frog, Rana temporaria. . Aquatic Toxicology , 54 : 1 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson , M. 2004 . “ Effects of agriculture on abundance, genetic diversity and fitness in the common frog ” . In Rana temporaria. 43 Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Comprehensive Summaries of Upsala Dissertations from The Faculty of Science and Technology 1025. Upssala. ISBN 91–554-6060–7
   Google Scholar
• Krishnamurthy , S. V. , Meenakumari , D. , Gurushankara , H. P. and Vasudev , V. 2008 . Nitrate-induced morphological anomalies in the tadpoles of Nyctibatrachus major Fejervatya limnocharis (Anura: Ranidae) . Turkish Journal of Zoology , 32 : 239 – 244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagerstedt , E. , Jacks , G. and Sefe , F. 1994 . Nitrate in groundwater and N circulation in eastern Botswana . Environmental Geology , 23 : 60 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lande , R. and Shannon , S. 1996 . The role of genetic variation in adaptation and population persistence in a changing environment . Evolution , 50 : 434 – 437 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanyon , L. E. 1996 . Does nitrogen cycle? . Ag Consultant. , 52 : 17
   Google Scholar
• Loman , J. and Lardner . 2006 . Does pond quality limit frogs Rana arvalis R. temporaria in agricultural landscapes? . A field experiment. Journal of Applied Ecology , 43 : 690 – 700 .
   Google Scholar
• Macnair , M. R. 1997 . “ The evolution of plants in metal-contaminated environments. ” . In Environmental stress, adaptation and evolution. Edited by: Bijlsma , R. and Loeschcke , V. 3 – 24 . Berlin : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Marco , A. , Quilchano , C. and Blaustein , A. R. 1999 . Sensitivity to nitrate and nitrite in pond-breeding amphibians from the Pacific Northwest, USA . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 18 : 2836 – 2839 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldham , R. S. , Latham , D. M. , Hilton-Brown , D. , Towns , M. , Cooke , A. S. and Bum , A. 1997 . The effect of ammonium nitrate fertiliser on frog (Rana temporaria) survival . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 61 : 69 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Oromi , N. , Sanuy , D. and Vilches , M. 2009 . Effects of nitrate and ammonium on larvae of Rana temporaria from the Pyrenees . Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 82 : 534 – 537 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz , M. E. , Marco , A. , Saiz , N. and Lizana , M. 2004 . Impact of ammonium nitrate on growth and survival of six European amphibians . Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 47 : 234 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz-Santaliestra , M. E. , Marco , A. , Fernández , M. J. and Lizana , M. 2006 . Influence of developmental stage on sensitivity to ammonium nitrate of aquatic stages of amphibians . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 25 : 105 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz-Santaliestra , M. E. and Sparling , D. W. 2007 . Alteration of larval development and metamorphosis by nitrate and perchlorate in southern leopard frogs (Rana sphenocephala) . Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 53 : 639 – 646 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orton , F. , Carr , J. A. and Handy , R. D. 2006 . Effects of nitrate and atrazine on larval development and sexual differentiation in the northern leopard frog Rana pipiens. . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 25 : 65 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pechmann , J. H.K. , Scott , D. E. , Semlitsch , R. D. , Caldwell , J. P. , Vitt , L. J. and Gibbons , J. 1991 . Declining amphibian populations: the problem of separating human impacts from natural fluctuations . Science , 253 : 992 – 895 .
   Google Scholar
• Posthuma , L. and Van Straalen , N. M. 1993 . Heavy-metal adaptation in terrestrial invertebrates: a review of occurrence, genetics, physiology and ecological consequences . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology , 106C : 11 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Rouse , J. D. , Bishop , C. A. and Struger , J. 1999 . Nitrogen pollution: an assessment of its threat to amphibian survival . Environmental Health Perspectives , 107 : 799 – 803 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roush , R. T. and McKenzie , A. 1987 . Ecological genetics of insecticide and acaricide resistance . Annual Review of Entomology , 32 : 361 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuytema , G. S. and Nebeker , A. V. 1999a . Comparative toxicity of ammonium and nitrate compounds to Pacific tree frog, and African clawed frog tadpoles . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 18 : 2251 – 2257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuytema , G. S. and Nebeker , A. V. 1999b . Effects of ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, and urea on red-legged frogs, Pacific treefrogs, and African clawed frogs . Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 63 : 357 – 364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semlitsch , R. D. , Bridges , C. M. and Welch , A. M. 2000 . Genetic variation and a fitness tradeoff in the tolerance of gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) tadpoles to the insecticide carbaryl . Oecologia , 125 : 179 – 185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , G. R. , Vaala , D. A. , Dingfelder , H. A. and Temple , K. G. 2004 . Effects of nitrite on bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles from central Ohio, USA . Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 72 : 1012 – 1016 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , G. R. , Temple , K. G. , Vaala , D. A. and Dingfelder , H. A. 2005 . Effects of nitrate on the tadpoles of two ranids (Rana catesbeiana R. clamitans) . Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 49 : 559 – 562 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan , K. B. and Spence , K. M. 2003 . Effects of sublethal concentrations of atrazine and nitrate on metamorphosis of the African clawed frog . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 22 : 627 – 635 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilman , D. 1999 . Global environmental impacts of agricultural expansion: The need for sustainable and efficient practices . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 96 : 5995 – 6000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilman , D. , Fargione , J. , Wolff , B. , Antonio , C. D. , Dobson , A. , Howarth , R. , Schindler , D. , Schlesinger , W. H. , Simberloff , D. and Swackhamer , D. 2001 . Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change . Science , 292 : 281 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US EPA . 1999 . Water quality criteria; notice of availability; 1999 update of ambient quality criteria for ammonia . EPA-822-R-99–014. Washington, DC, USA. Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Register , 64 : 71974 – 71980 .
   Google Scholar
• Vitousek , P. M. 1994 . Beyond global warming: ecology and global change . Ecology , 75 : 1861 – 1877 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitousek , P. M. , Aber , J. , Howarth , R. W. , Likens , G. E. , Matson , P. A. , Schindler , D. W. , Schlesinger , W. H. and Tilman , G. D. 1997 . Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: causes and consequences . Issues in Ecology , 1 : 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Watt , P. J. and Jarvis , P. 1997 . Survival analysis in palmate newts exposed to ammonium nitrate agricultural fertilizer . Ecotoxicology , 6 : 355 – 362 .
   Google Scholar
• Watt , P. J. and Oldham , R. S. 1995 . The effect of ammonium nitrate on the feeding and development of the smooth newt, Triturus vulgaris (L.), and on the behavior of its food source, Daphnia magna. . Freshwater Biology , 33 : 319 – 324 .
   Google Scholar
• Xu , Q. and Oldham , R. S. 1997 . Lethal and sublethal effects of nitrogen fertilizer ammonium nitrate on common toad (Bufo bufo) tadpoles . Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 32 : 298 – 303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar