Mechanism of ganciclovir uptake by rabbit retina and human retinal pigmented epithelium cell line ARPE-19

References

• Freeman WR, Lerner CW, Mines JA, Lash RS, Nadel AJ, Starr MB, Tapper ML. A prospective study of the ophthal-mologic findings in the acquired immune deficiency syn-drome. Am J Ophthalmol.1984;97:133–142.
   Google Scholar
• Burd EM, Pulido JS, Puro DG, O'Brien WJ. Replication of human cytomegalovirus in human retinal glial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.1996;37:1957–1966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodaghi B, Michelson S. Cytomegalovirus: Virological facts for clinicians. Ocul Immunol Inflamm.1999;7:133–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrei G, Snoeck R, Schols D, Goubau P, Desmyter J, De Clercq E. Comparative activity of selected antiviral compounds against clinical isolates of human cytomegalovirus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis.1991;10: 1026–1033.
   Google Scholar
• Shigeta S, Konno K, Baba M, Yokota T, De Clercq E. Com-parative inhibitory effects of nucleoside analogues on dif-ferent clinical isolates of human cytomegalovirus in vitro. J Infect Dis.1991;163:270–275.
   Google Scholar
• Mar EC, Chiou JF, Cheng YC, Huang ES. Inhibition of cellular DNA polymerase alpha and human cytomegalovirus-induced DNA polymerase by the triphosphates of 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine and 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine. J Virol.1985;53:776–780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arevalo JF, Gonzalez C, Capparelli EV, Kirsch LS, Garcia RF, Quiceno II, Connor JD, Gambertoglio J, Bergeron-Lynn G, Freeman WR. Intravitreous and plasma concentrations of ganciclovir and foscarnet after intravenous therapy in patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus retinitis. J Infect Dis.1995;172:951–956.
   Google Scholar
• Kuppermann BD, Quiceno JI, Flores-Aguilar M, Connor JD, Capparelli EV, Sherwood CH, Freeman WR. Intravit-real ganciclovir concentration after intravenous administra-tion in AIDS patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis: Implications for therapy. J Infect Dis.1993;168:1506–1509.
   Google Scholar
• Cunha-Vaz JG. The blood-retinal barriers. Doc Ophthal-mol.1976;41:287–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadman J. Improved ganciclovir regimens. GMHC Treat Issues.1997;12:28–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cadman J. Ganciclovir implants: One year later. GMHC Treat Issues.1997;11:3–6.
   Google Scholar
• Vazquez E. Saving sight. Posit Aware.1997;8:22–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ashton P, Brown JD, Pearson PA, Blandford DL, Smith TJ, Anand R, Nightingale SD, Sanborn GE. Intravitreal ganciclovirpharmacokinetics in rabbits and man. J Ocul Pharmacol.1992;8:343–347.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hughes PM, Krishriamoorthy R, Mitra AK. Vitreous dis-position of two acycloguanosine antivirals in the albino and pigmented rabbit models: A novel ocular microdialysis technique. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther.1996;12:209–224.
   Google Scholar
• Lopez-Cortes LF, Pastor-Ramos MT, Ruiz-Valderas R, Cordero E, Uceda-Montanes A, Claro-Cala CM, Lucero-Munoz MJ. Intravitreal pharmacokinetics and retinal con-centrations of ganciclovir and foscarnet after intravitreal administration in rabbits. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2001;42:1024–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macha S, Mitra AK. Ocular disposition of ganciclovir and its monoester prodrugs following intravitreal admin-istration using microdialysis. Drug Metab Dispos.2002;30:670–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu DY, Cringle SJ. Oxygen distribution and consumption within the retina in vascularised and avascular retinas and in animal models of retinal disease. Prog Retin Eye Res.2001;20:175–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frambach DA, Valentine JL, Weiter JJ. Topical phenyle-phrine for mydriasis affects rabbit retinal pigment epithe-lial transport. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.1989;30:343–344.
   Google Scholar
• Frambach DA, Valentine JL, Weiter JJ. Initial observations of rabbit retinal pigment epithelium-choroid-sclera prepa-rations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.1988;29:814–817.
   Google Scholar
• Koyano S, Araie M, Eguchi S. Movement of fluorescein and its glucuronide across retinal pigment epithelium-choroid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.1993;34:531–538.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen RJ, Rizzo JF, 3rd, Ziv OR, Grumet A, Wyatt J. Thresholds for activation of rabbit retinal ganglion cells with an ultrafine, extracellular microelectrode. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2003;44:3533–3543.
   Google Scholar
• Neal M, Cunningham J, Lever I, Pezet S, Malcangio M. Mechanism by which brain-derived neurotrophic factor increases dopamine release from the rabbit retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2003;44:791–798.
   Google Scholar
• Baptiste DC, Hartwick AT, Jollimore CA, Baldridge WH, Chauhan BC, Tremblay F, Kelly ME. Comparison of the neuroprotective effects of adrenoceptor drugs in retinal cell culture and intact retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2002;43:2666–2676.
   Google Scholar
• Majumdar S, Macha S, Nashed Y, Mitra A. Expression of Peptide Transporters on the Rabbit Retina: A Strategy to Improve Retinal Delivery of Ganciclovir. Letters in Drug Design & Discovery.2004;1:73–77.
   Google Scholar
• Han YH, Sweet DH, Hu DN, Pritchard JB. Characterization of a novel cationic drug transporter in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther.2001;296:450–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn KC, Aotaki-Keen AE, Putkey FR, Hjelmeland LM. ARPE-19, a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line with differentiated properties. Exp Eye Res.1996;62:155–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aukunuru JV, Sunkara G, Bandi N, Thoreson WB, Kompella UB. Expression of multidrug resistance-associ-ated protein (MRP) in human retinal pigment epithelial cellsand its interaction with BAPSG, a novel aldose reduc-tase inhibitor. Pharm Res.2001;18:565–572.
   Google Scholar
• Bridges CC, Kekuda R, Wang H, Prasad PD, Mehta P, Huang W, Smith SB, Ganapathy V. Structure, function, and regulation of human cystine/glutamate transporter in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2001;42:47–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridges CC, El-Sherbeny A, Ola MS, Ganapathy V, Smith SB. Transcellular transfer of folate across the retinal pigment epithelium. Curr Eye Res.2002;24:129–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajan PD, Kekuda R, Chancy CD, Huang W, Ganapathy V, Smith SB. Expression of the extraneuronal monoamine transporter in RPE and neural retina. Curr Eye Res.2000;20:195–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philp NJ, Wang D, Yoon H, Hjelmeland LM. Polarized expression of monocarboxylate transporters in human retinal pigment epithelium and ARPE-19 cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.200344:1716-1721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majumdar S, Tirucherai GS, Pal D, Mitra AK. Functional differences in nucleoside and nucleobase transporters expressed on the rabbit corneal epithelial cell line (SIRC) and isolated rabbit cornea. AAPS Pharm Sci.2003;5:E15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahony WB, Domin BA, Zimmerman TR Ganciclovir per-meation of the human erythrocyte membrane. Biochem Pharmacol.1991;41:263–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson GI, Hu ZQ, Yang Y, Perez TB, Devi BG, Frosto TA, Schenker S. Ganciclovir transfer by human placenta and its effects on rat fetal cells. Am J Med Sci.1993;306:151–156.
   Google Scholar
• Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem.1976;72:248–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahony WB, Domin BA, McConnell RT, Zimmerman TP. Acyclovir transport into human erythrocytes. J Biol Chem.1988;263:9285–9291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson GI, Hu ZQ, Johnson RF, Perez AB, Yang Y, Schenker S. Acyclovir transport by the human placenta. J Lab Clin Med.1992;120:885–892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez MiM, Giacomini KM. Substrate selectivity, potential sensitivity and stoichiometry of Na(+)-nucleoside transport in brush border membrane vesicles from human kidney. Biochim Biophys Acta.1993;1149:202–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balimane PV, Sinko PJ. Involvement of multiple trans-porters in the oral absorption of nucleoside analogues. Adv Drug Deliv Rev.1999;39:183–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meadows KC, Dressman JB. Mechanism of acyclovir uptake in rat jejunum. Pharm Res.1990;7:299–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majumdar S, Gunda S, Mitra A. Functional expression of a sodium dependent nucleoside transporter on rabbit cornea: Role in corneal permeation of acyclovir and idoxuridine. Curr Eye Res.2003;26:175–183.
   Google Scholar
• Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Kobayashi Y, Yamamoto T, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H. Human organic anion transporters and human organic cation transporters mediate renal antiviral transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther.2002;300:918–924.
   Google Scholar
• Hasegawa M, Kusuhara H, Endou H, Sugiyama Y. Con-tribution of organic anion transporters to the renal uptake of anionic compounds and nucleoside derivatives in rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther.2003;305:1087–1097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosoya K, Horibe Y, Kim KJ, Lee VH. Nucleoside trans-port mechanisms in the pigmented rabbit conjunctiva. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.1998;39:372–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith DA, Jarvis SM. Nucleoside and nucleobase trans-port systems of mammalian cells. Biochim Biophys Acta.1996;1286:153–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin SA, Mackey JR, Cass CE, Young JD. Nucleoside transporters: molecular biology and implications for thera-peutic development. Mol Med Today.1999;5:216–224.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kiss A, Farah K, Kim J, Garriock RJ, Drysdale TA, Hammond JR. Molecular cloning and functional character-ization of inhibitor-sensitive (mENT1) and inhibitor-resistant (mENT2) equilibrative nucleoside transporters from mouse brain. Biochem J.2000;352 Pt 2:363–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraupp M, Marz R. Nucleobase and nucleoside transport in mammalian cells. Wien Klin Wochenschr.1995; 107:677–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward JL, Sherali A, Mo ZP, Tse CM. Kinetic and pharma-cological properties of cloned human equilibrative nucleo-side transporters, ENT1 and ENT2, stably expressed in nucleoside transporter-deficient PK15 cells. Ent2 exhibits a low affinity for guanosine and cytidine but a high affin-ity for inosine. J Biol Chem.2000;275:8375–8381.
   Google Scholar
• de Koning H, Diallinas G. Nucleobase transporters (review). Mol Membr Biol.2000;17:75–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar