Elevated Expression of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) and Accumulation of Kynurenic Acid in the Pathogenesis of STZ-Induced Diabetic Cataract in Wistar Rats

REFERENCES

• Hegde K R, Varma S D. Combination of glycemic and oxidative stress in lens: Implications in augmentation of cataract formation in diabetes. Free Radical Res 2005; 39(5)513–517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotlier E, Sharma Y R, Zuckerman J, Pucklin J, Teasley B, Irvine J. Plasma tryptophan in humans with diabetic and senile cataracts. Exp Eye Res 1981; 33: 247–252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarnowski T, Rejdak R, Zielinska-Rzecka E, et al. Elevated concentrations of kynurenic acid, a tryptophan derivative, in dense nuclear cataracts. Curr Eye Res 2007; 32: 27–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrzejewska-Buczko J, Pawlak D, Tankiewicz A, et al. Possible involvement of kynurenamines in the pathogenesis of cataract in diabetic patients. Med Sci Monitor 2001; 7: 742–745
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chung S SM, CM HO E SL, Lam K, Chung S K. Contribution of polyol pathway to diabetes-induced oxidative stress. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: S233–S236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishna C M, Uppuluri S, Riesz P, Zigler J S, Jr, Balasubramanian D. A study of the photodynamic efficiencies of some eye lens constituents. Photochem Photobiol 1991; 54(1)51–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh R, Barden A, Mori T, Beilin L. Advanced glycation end-products: A review. Diabetologia 2001; 44(2)129–146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staniszewska M M, Nagaraj R H. 3-Hydroxykynurenine-mediated modification of human lens proteins. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 22154–22164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownlee M. Negative consequences of glycation. Metabolism 2000; 49(2)9–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortwerth B J, Prabhakaram M, Nagaraj R H, Linetsky M. The relative UV sensitizer activity of purified advanced glycation end products. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 65(4)666–673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takikawa O, Littlejohn T K, Jamie J F, Walker J M, Truscott R JW. Regulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, the first enzyme in UV filter biosynthesis in the human lens. Tryptophan, Serotonin and Melatonin: Basic Aspects and Applications. Kluwer Academic, New York 1999; 241–245
   Google Scholar
• Pfefferkorn E R. Interferon blocks the growth of Toxoplasma gondii in human fibroblasts by inducing the host cells to degrade tryptophan. Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA 1984; 81: 908–912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas S R, Stocker R. Redox reactions related to indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway. Redox Rep 1999; 4: 199–220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhopale G M. Development of a vaccine for toxoplasmosis: Current status. Microbes Infect 2003; 5: 457–462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munn D H, Zhou M, Attwood J T, et al. Prevention of allogeneic fetal rejection by tryptophan catabolism. Science 1998; 28: 1191–1193
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyes M P, Saito K, Lackner A, Wiley C A, Achim C L, Markey S P. Sources of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid in the brain of HIV-1-infected patients and retrovirus-infected macaques. FASEB J 1998; 12: 881–896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanni L A, Thomas S R, Tattam B N, et al. Dramatic changes in oxidative tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway in experimental cerebral and noncerebral malaria. Am J Pathol 1998; 152: 611–619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawlak D, Tankiewicz A, Mysliwiec P, Buczko W. Tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway in experimental chronic renal failure. Nephron 2002; 90: 328–335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aquilina J A, Carver J A, Truscott R JW. Oxidation of products of 3-hydroxykynurenine bind to lens proteins: Relevance for nuclear cataract. Exp Eye Res 1997; 64: 727–735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malina H Z, Martin X D. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: Antioxidant enzyme in the human eye. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1996; 234: 457–462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serbecic N, Beutelspacher S C. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase protects corneal endothelial cells from UV mediated damage. Exp Eye Res 2006; 82: 416–426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suryanarayana P, Saraswat M, Mrudula T, Krishna T P, Krishnaswamy K, Reddy G B. Curcumin and turmeric delay streptozotocin-induced diabetic cataract in rats. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46(6)2092–2099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergmayer H U, Bernt E. Glucose determination with glucose oxidase and peroxidase. Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, 2nd ed., H U Bergmeyer. Academic Press, New York 1974; 1205–1206
   Google Scholar
• Matin A, Streete I M, Jamie I M, Truscott R JW, Jamie J F. A fluorescence-based assay for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Anal Biochem 2006; 349: 96–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herve C, Beyne P, Jamault H, Delacoux E. Determination of tryptophan and its kynurenine pathway metabolites in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with simultaneous ultraviolet and fluorimetric detection. J Chromatogr B 1996; 675: 157–161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Templar J, Kon S P, Milligan T P, Newman D J, Raftery M J. Increased plasma malondialdehyde levels in glomerular disease as determined by a fully validated HPLC method. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14: 946–951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchida K, Kanematsu M, Sakai K, et al. Protein-bound acrolein: Potential markers for oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 4882–4887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hissin P J, Hilf R. A fluorometric for determination of oxidized and reduced glutathione in tissues. Anal Biochem 1976; 74: 214–226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayman S, Kinoshita J H. Isolation and properties of lens aldose reductase. J Biol Chem 1965; 240: 877–882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerlach U, Hiby W. Sorbitol dehydrogenase. Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, 2nd ed., H U Bergmeyer. Academic Press, New York 1974; 56–73
   Google Scholar
• Marklund S, Marklund G. Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autooxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. Eur J Biochem 1974; 47: 469–474
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martinez J I, Launay J M, Dreux C. A sensitive fluorimetric microassay for the determination of glutathione peroxidase activity. Application to human blood platelets. Anal Biochem 1979; 98: 184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raju T N, Kanth V R, Reddy P UM, Srinivas J, Shobanaditya J. Influence of kynurenines in pathogenesis of cataract formation in tryptophan-deficient regimen in wistar rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2007; 45: 543–548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry R E, Swamy M S, Abraham E C. Progressive changes in lens crystallin glycation and high-molecular weight aggregate formation leading to cataract development in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Exp Eye Res 1987; 44: 269–282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojima M. Regional enzymatic analysis of UV-B and streptozotocin induced diabetic cataract lens. Lens Eye Toxic Res 1990; 7(3–4)547–561
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maritim A C, Sanders R A, Watkins J B, III. Diabetes, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: A review. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2003; 17: 24–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truscott R JW, McNulty R, Taylor L, Hood B, Aquilina J A, Takikawa O. Tryptophan metabolism, aging and cataract. Int Congr Series 2002; 1233: 185–190
   Google Scholar
• Takikawa O, Truscott R JW, Fukao M, Miwa S. Age-related nuclear cataract and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-initiated tryptophan metabolism in the human lens. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003; 527: 277–285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker N R, Jamie J F, Davies M J, Truscott R JW. Protein-bound kynurenine is photosensitizer of oxidative damage. Free Rad Biol Med 2004; 37: 1479–1489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor L M, Aquilina J A, Jamie J F, Truscott R JW. Glutathione and NADH, but not ascorbate, protect the lens proteins from modification by UV filters. Exp Eye Res 2002b; 74: 503–511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streete I M, Jamie J F, Truscott R J. Lenticular levels of amino acids and free UV filters differ significantly between normals and cataract patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: 4091–4098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connick J H, Stone T W. The role of kynurenines in diabetes mellitus. Med Hypotheses 1985; 18: 371–376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zsizsik B K, Hardeland R. Formation of kynurenic acid and xanthurenic acid from kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine in the dinoflagellatae Lingulodinum polyedrum: Role of a novel oxidative pathway. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol. Pharmacol 2002; 133: 383–392
   Google Scholar
• Taylor L M, Andrew Aquilina J, Jamie J F, Truscott R J. UV filter instability: Consequences for the human lens. Exp Eye Res 2002; 75: 165–175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monnier V M, Cerami A. Nonenzymatic browning in vivo: Possible process for aging of long-lived proteins. Science 198; 211: 491–493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar