Clinical Management and Therapeutic Strategies for the Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy: Current and Future Perspectives

References

• Smith TJ. New advances in understanding thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and the potential role for insulin-like growth factor-I receptor. F1000Res. 2018;7(F1000Faculty Rev):134. doi:10.12688/f1000research.12787.1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chng CL, Seah LL, Khoo DH. Ethnic differences in the clinical presentation of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;26(3):249–58. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2011.10.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiromatsu Y, Eguchi H, Tani J, Kasaoka M, Teshima Y. Graves’ ophthalmopathy: epidemiology and natural history. Intern Med. 2014;53(5):353–60. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.53.1518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khong JJ, McNab AA, Ebeling PR, Craig JE, Selva D. Pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease: review and update on molecular mechanisms. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016;100(1):142–50. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-307399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohyi M, Smith TJ. IGF1 receptor and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. J Mol Endocrinol. 2018;61(1):T29–T43. doi:10.1530/JME-17-0276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ataabadi G, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Owji N, Bakhshayeshkaram M, Montazeri-Najafabady N. Clinical features of graves’ ophthalmopathy and impact of enalapril on the course of mild graves’ ophthalmopathy: A pilot study. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2020;20(1):139–48. doi:10.2174/1389201020666190725113816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novaes P, Diniz Grisolia AB, Smith TJ. Update on thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy with a special emphasis on the ocular surface. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;2:19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee THB, Sundar G. Quality of life in thyroid eye disease: a systematic review. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;36(2):118–26. doi:10.1097/IOP.0000000000001446. [Epub ahead of print].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackuaku-Dogbe EM, Akpalu J, Abaidoo B. Epidemiology and clinical features of thyroid-associated orbitopathy in Accra. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2017;24(4):183–89. doi:10.4103/meajo.MEAJO_91_17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartley GB, Fatourechi V, Kadrmas EF, Jacobsen SJ, Ilstrup DM, Garrity JA, Gorman CA. The incidence of Graves’ ophthalmopathy in Olmsted county, Minnesota. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;120:511‑7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim SL, Lim AK, Mumtaz M, Hussein E, Wan Bebakar WM, Khir AS. Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical features of thyroid‑associated ophthalmopathy in multiethnic Malaysian patients with Graves’ disease. Thyroid. 2008;18:1297‑301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy SV, Jain A, Yadav SB, Sharma K, Bhatia E. Prevalence of Graves’ ophthalmopathy in patients with graves’ disease presenting to a referral centre in north India. Indian J Med Res. 2014;139:99–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roos JCP, Murthy R. Update on the clinical assessment and management of thyroid eye disease. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2019;30(5):401–06. doi:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rootman J. Aspects of current management of thyroid orbitopathy in Asians. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol. 1998;10:2–6.
   Google Scholar
• Edmunds MR, Huntbach JA, Durrani OM. Are ethnicity, social grade, and social deprivation associated with severity of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy? Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;30(3):241–45. doi:10.1097/IOP.0000000000000077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur A, Pandey S, Kumar S, Mehdi AA, Mishra A. Oxidative stress profile in graves’ ophthalmopathy in Indian patients. Orbit. 2010;29(2):97–101. doi:10.3109/01676830903403174.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lanzolla G, Sabini E, Profilo MA, Mazzi B, Sframeli A, Rocchi R, Menconi F, Leo M, Nardi M, Vitti P, et al. Relationship between serum cholesterol and Graves’ orbitopathy (GO): a confirmatory study. J Endocrinol Invest. 2018;41(12):1417–23. doi:10.1007/s40618-018-0915-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadeghi-Tari A, Jamshidian-Tehrani M, Nabavi A, Sharif-Kashani S, Elhami E, Hassanpour N, Ameli Zamani K. Effect of smoking on retrobulbar blood flow in thyroid eye disease. Eye (Lond). 2016;30(12):1573–78. doi:10.1038/eye.2016.184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucci I, Giuliani C, Napolitano G. Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies in pregnancy: clinical relevance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017;8:137. doi:10.3389/fendo.2017.00137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elfenbein DM, Schneider DF, Havlena J, Chen H, Sippel RS. Clinical and socioeconomic factors influence treatment decisions in Graves’ disease. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22(4):1196–99. doi:10.1245/s10434-014-4095-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaidya B, Imrie H, Perros P, Dickinson J, McCarthy MI, Kendall-Taylor P, Pearce SH. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) gene polymorphism confers susceptibility to thyroid associated orbitopathy. Lancet. 1999;354(9180):743–44. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01465-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Smith TJ. Current concepts in the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(3):1735–48. doi:10.1167/iovs.14-14002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLachlan SM, Rapoport B. Breaking tolerance to thyroid antigens: changing concepts in thyroid autoimmunity. Endocr Rev. 2014;35:59–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strianese D, Rossi F. Interruption of autoimmunity for thyroid eye disease: B-cell and T-cell strategy. Eye (Lond). 2019;33(2):191–99. doi:10.1038/s41433-018-0315-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Fang S, Li D, Zhou H, Li B, Fan X. The involvement of T cell pathogenesis in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Eye (Lond). 2019;33(2):176–82. doi:10.1038/s41433-018-0279-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koumas L, Smith TJ, Phipps RP. Fibroblast subsets in the human orbit: thy-1+ and Thy-1- subpopulations exhibit distinct phenotypes. Eur J Immunol. 2002;32(2):477–85. doi:10.1002/1521-4141(200202)32:2<477::AID-IMMU477>3.0.CO;2-U.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith TJ. The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor and its role in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Eye (Lond). 2019;33(2):200–05. doi:10.1038/s41433-018-0265-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao SX, Tsui S, Cheung A, Douglas RS, Smith TJ, Banga JP. Orbital fibrosis in a mouse model of Graves’ disease induced by genetic immunization of thyrotropin receptor cDNA. J Endocrinol. 2011;210(3):369. doi:10.1530/JOE-11-0162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SE, Yoon JS, Kim KH, Lee SY. Increased serum interleukin-17 in Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Clin Exp Immunol. 2012;250:1521–26.
   Google Scholar
• Salvi M, Girasole G, Pedrazzoni M, Passeri M, Giuliani N, Minelli R, Braverman LE, Roti E. Increased serum concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble IL-6 receptor in patients with Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:2976–79. doi:10.1210/jcem.81.8.8768861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuriyan AE, Woeller CF, O’Loughlin CW, Phipps RP, Feldon SE. Orbital fibroblasts from thyroid eye disease patients differ in proliferative and adipogenic responses depending on disease subtype. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(12):7370–77. doi:10.1167/iovs.13-12741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahn RS. Autoimmunity and Graves ‘disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;91(4):577–79. doi:10.1038/clpt.2012.10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang XX, Wang XX, Jia XF, Guo T, Xian TZ, Liu L, Xu ZJ, Guo Y, Deng X, Zhang LN, et al. Novel role of SF1 in alleviating thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy through the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Gene. 2019;691:132–40. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plöhn S, Edelmann B, Japtok L, He X, Hose M, Hansen W, Schuchman EH, Eckstein A, Berchner-Pfannschmidt U. CD40 enhances sphingolipids in orbital fibroblasts: potential role of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate in inflammatory T-cell migration in Graves’ orbitopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(13):5391–97. doi:10.1167/iovs.18-25466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartalena L, Fatourechi V. Extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves’ disease: A 2014 update. J Endocrinol Invest. 2014;37(8):691–700. doi:10.1007/s40618-014-0097-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerrero C, Pittelkow MR. Images in clinical medicine. Thyroid ophthalmopathy, dermopathy, and acropachy. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(3):261. doi:10.1056/NEJMicm1506674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadidi J, Sigari M, Efendizade A, Grigorian A, Lehto SA, Kolla S. Thyroid acropachy: A rare skeletal manifestation of autoimmune thyroid disease. Radiol Case Rep. 2019;14(8):917–19. doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2019.04.021.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hotta A, Tanaka T, Kato H, Kakoi S, Shimizu Y, Hasegawa C, Hayakawa A, Yasuda S, Ogawa K, Ito S, et al. A case of euthyroid Graves’ ophthalmopathy in a patient sero-negative for TSH receptor autoantibody. Case Rep Endocrinol. 2018;2018:1707959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith TJ, Hegedüs L. Graves’ disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim NC, Sundar G, Amrith S, Lee KO. Thyroid eye disease: a Southeast Asian experience. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99(4):512–18. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gharib S, Moazezi Z, Bayani MA. Prevalence and severity of ocular involvement in Graves’ disease according to sex and age: A clinical study from Babol, Iran. Caspian J Intern Med. 2018;9(2):178–83. doi:10.22088/cjim.9.2.178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selter JH, Gire AI, Sikder S. The relationship between Graves’ ophthalmopathy and dry eye syndrome. Clin Ophthalmol. 2014;9:57–62. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S76583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith TJ. Challenges in orphan drug development: identification of effective therapy for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2019;59:129–48. doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eslami F, Borzouei S, Khanlarzadeh E, Seif S. Prevalence of increased intraocular pressure in patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy and association with ophthalmic signs and symptoms in the north-west of Iran. Clin Ophthalmol. 2019;13:1353–59. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S205112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villagelin D, Romaldini J, Andrade J, Santos R, Milkos A, Teixeira PFDS, Ward LS. Evaluation of quality of life in the brazilian graves’ disease population: focus on mild and moderate Graves’ orbitopathy patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourits MP, Koornneef L, Wiersinga WM, Prummel MF, Berghout A. van der Gaag R. Clinical criteria for the assessment of disease activity in Graves’ ophthalmopathy: a novel approach. Br J Ophthalmol. 1989;73(8):639–44. doi:10.1136/bjo.73.8.639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrio-Barrio J, Sabater AL, Bonet-Farriol E, Á V-V, Galofré JC. Graves’ ophthalmopathy: VISA versus EUGOGO classification, assessment, and management. J Ophthalmol. 2015;2015:249125. doi:10.1155/2015/249125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cyranska-Chyrek E, Olejarz M, Szczepanek-Parulska E, Stajgis P, Pioch A, Ruchala M. Severe unilateral orbitopathy in a patient with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis - a case report. BMC Ophthalmol. 2019;19(1):9. doi:10.1186/s12886-018-1018-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi W, Li Y, Ji YS, Yoon KC. Oxidative stress markers in tears of patients with Graves’ orbitopathy and their correlation with clinical activity score. BMC Ophthalmol. 2018;18(1):303. doi:10.1186/s12886-018-0969-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaichi Y, Tanitame K, Terada H, Itakura H, Ohno H, Yoneda M, Takahashi Y, Akiyama Y, Awai K. Thyroid-associated orbitopathy: quantitative evaluation of the orbital fat volume and edema using IDEAL-FSE. Eur J Radiol Open. 2019;6:182–86. doi:10.1016/j.ejro.2019.05.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabinowitz MP, Carrasco JR. Update on advanced imaging options for thyroid-associated orbitopathy. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2012;26(4):385–92. doi:10.1016/j.sjopt.2012.07.006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jamshidian-Tehrani M, Nabavi A, Kasaee A, Hasanpoor N, Elhami E, Sharif-Kashani S, Masoumi A, Nowroozzadeh MH, Sadeghi-Tari A. Color doppler imaging in thyroid eye disease and its correlation to disease activity. Orbit. 2019;38(6):440–45. doi:10.1080/01676830.2018.1556704.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walasik Szemplińska D, Pauk-Domańska M, Sanocka U, Sudoł-Szopińska I. Doppler imaging of orbital vessels in the assessment of the activity and severity of thyroid-associated orbitopathy. J Ultrason. 2015;15(63):388–97. doi:10.15557/JoU.2015.0036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park NR, Moon JH, Lee JK. Hertel exophthalmometer versus computed tomography scan in proptosis estimation in thyroid-associated orbitopathy. Clin Ophthalmol. 2019;13:1461–67. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S216838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cubuk MO, Konuk O, Unal M. Orbital decompression surgery for the treatment of Graves’ ophthalmopathy: comparison of different techniques and long-term results. Int J Ophthalmol. 2018;11(8):1363–70. doi:10.18240/ijo.2018.08.18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higashiyama T, Iwasa M, Ohji M. Quantitative analysis of inflammation in orbital fat of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy using MRI signal intensity. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):16874. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17257-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calle D, Navarro T. Basic pulse sequences in magnetic resonance imaging. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1718:21–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferreira TA, Saraiva P, Genders SW, Buchem MV, Luyten GPM, Beenakker JW. CT and MR imaging of orbital inflammation. Neuroradiology. 2018;60(12):1253–66. doi:10.1007/s00234-018-2103-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilicarslan R, Alkan A, Ilhan MM, Yetis H, Aralasmak A, Tasan E. Graves’ ophthalmopathy: the role of diffusion-weighted imaging in detecting involvement of extraocular muscles in early period of disease. Br J Radiol. 2015;88(1047):20140677. doi:10.1259/bjr.20140677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genere N, Stan MN. Current and emerging treatment strategies for graves’ orbitopathy. Drugs. 2019;79(2):109–24. doi:10.1007/s40265-018-1045-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negro R, Hegedüs L, Attanasio R, Papini E, Winther KHA. 2018 European thyroid association survey on the use of selenium supplementation in graves ‘hyperthyroidism and graves’ orbitopathy. Eur Thyroid J. 2019;8(1):7–15. doi:10.1159/000494837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinò M, Dottore GR, Leo M, Marcocci C. Mechanistic pathways of selenium in the treatment of Graves’ disease and graves’ orbitopathy. Horm Metab Res. 2018;50(12):887–93. doi:10.1055/a-0658-7889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dharmasena A. Selenium supplementation in thyroid associated ophthalmopathy: an update. Int J Ophthalmol. 2014;7(2):365–75. doi:10.3980/j..2222-3959.2014.02.31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu X, Dong Y, Zhang H, Su Q. Corticosteroids for Graves’ ophthalmopathy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:4845894. doi:10.1155/2018/4845894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell DJ, Wagner LH, Seiff SR. Tocilizumab as a steroid sparing agent for the treatment of Graves’ orbitopathy. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2017;7:146–48. doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2017.07.001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith TJ. TSHR as a therapeutic target in Graves’ disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2017;21(4):427–32. doi:10.1080/14728222.2017.1288215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruchała M, Sawicka-Gutaj N. Advances in the pharmacological treatment of Graves’ orbitopathy. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2016;9:981–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen H, Mester T, Raychaudhuri N, Kauh CY, Gupta S, Smith TJ, Douglas RS. Teprotumumab, an IGF-1R blocking monoclonal antibody inhibits TSH and IGF-1 action in fibrocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(9):E1635–40. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith TJ, Kahaly GJ, Ezra DG, Fleming JC, Dailey RA, Tang RA, Harris GJ, Antonelli A, Salvi M, Goldberg RA, et al. Teprotumumab for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(18):1748–61. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1614949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas RS, Kahaly GJ, Patel A, Sile S, Thompson EHZ, Perdok R, Fleming JC, Fowler BT, Marcocci C, Marinò M, et al. Teprotumumab for the treatment of active thyroid eye disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(4):341–52. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1910434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiersinga WM. Advances in treatment of active, moderate-to-severe Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(2):134–42. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30046-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan MH, Iyengar R, Mizokami-Stout K, Yentz S, MacEachern MP, Shen LY, Redman B, Gianchandani R. Spectrum of immune checkpoint inhibitors-induced endocrinopathies in cancer patients: a scoping review of case reports. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;5:1. doi:10.1186/s40842-018-0073-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paridaens D, van den Bosch WA, van der Loos TL, Krenning EP, van Hagen PM. The effect of etanercept on Graves’ ophthalmopathy: a pilot study. Eye (Lond). 2005;19(12):1286–89. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6701768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durrani OM, Reuser TQ, Murray PI. Infliximab: a novel treatment forsight-threatening thyroid associated ophthalmopathy. Orbit. 2005;24(2):117–19. doi:10.1080/01676830590912562.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rajaii F, McCoy AN, Smith TJ. Cytokines are both villains and potential therapeutic targets in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: from bench to bedside. Expert Rev Ophthalmol. 2014;9(3):227–34. doi:10.1586/17469899.2014.917960.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kotwal A, Stan M. Current and future treatments for Graves ‘disease and Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Horm Metab Res. 2018;50(12):871–86. doi:10.1055/a-0739-8134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• In H, Pearce EN, Wong AK, Burgess JF, McAneny DB, Rosen JE. Treatment options for Graves disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;209(2):170–79. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2009.03.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li HX, Xiang N, Hu WK, Jiao XL. Relation between therapy options for Graves’ disease and the course of Graves’ ophthalmopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Investig. 2016;39(11):1225e33. doi:10.1007/s40618-016-0484-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobanga ID, McHenry CR. Treatment of patients with Graves’ disease and the appropriate extent of thyroidectomy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;33(4):101319. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2019.101319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li YJ, Luo Y, Xie XQ, He WM, Yi C, Li P, Wang F. The efficacy of intensity modulated radiation therapy in treating thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and predictive factors for treatment response. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):17533. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17893-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• San Miguel I, Arenas M, Carmona R, Rutllan J, Medina-Rivero F, Lara P. Review of the treatment of Graves’ ophthalmopathy: the role of the new radiation techniques. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2018;32(2):139–45. doi:10.1016/j.sjopt.2017.09.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Zhou H, Fan X. The effect of orbital radiation therapy on thyroid-associated orbitopathy complicated with dysthyroid optic neuropathy. Front Med. 2017;11(3):359–64. doi:10.1007/s11684-017-0528-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rootman DB. Orbital decompression for thyroid eye disease. Surv Ophthalmol. 2018;63(1):86–104. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.03.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JKS, Hsieh C, Wei YH, Liao SL. The impact of orbital bony or fat decompression on the outcome of strabismus surgery in patients with Graves ‘ophthalmopathy. J Formos Med Assoc. 2019;118(1 Pt 3):387–94. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2018.06.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prat MC, Braunstein AL, Dagi Glass LR, Kazim M. Orbital fat decompression for thyroid eye disease: retrospective case review and criteria for optimal case selection. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;31(3):215–18. doi:10.1097/IOP.0000000000000260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park HH, Chun YS, Moon NJ, Kim JT, Park SJ, Lee JK. Change in eyelid parameters after orbital decompression in thyroid-associated orbitopathy. Eye (Lond). 2018;32:1036–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fichter N, Guthoff RF, Schittkowski MP. Orbital decompression in thyroid eye disease. ISRN Ophthalmol. 2012;2012:739236.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Douglas RS. Commentary on: simultaneous aesthetic eyelid surgery and orbital decompression for rehabilitation of thyroid eye disease: the one-stage approach. Aesthet Surg J. 2018;38(10):1062–64. doi:10.1093/asj/sjy085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teriete P, Banerji S, Noble M, Blundell CD, Wright AJ, Pickford AR, Lowe E, Mahoney DJ, Tammi MI, Kahmann JD, et al. Structure of the regulatory hyaluronan binding domain in the inflammatory leukocyte homing receptor CD44. Mol Cell. 2004;13(4):483–96. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(04)00080-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang B. MetaPocket: a meta approach to improve protein ligand binding site prediction. OMICS. 2009;13(4):325–30. doi:10.1089/omi.2009.0045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomsen R, Christensen MH. MolDock: a new technique for high-accuracy molecular docking. J Med Chem. 2006;49(11):3315–21. doi:10.1021/jm051197e.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daina A, Michielin O, Zoete V. SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules. Sci Rep. 2017;7:42717. doi:10.1038/srep42717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franz M, Rodriguez H, Lopes C, Zuberi K, Montojo J, Bader GD, Morris Q. GeneMANIA update 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018;46(W1):W60–W64. doi:10.1093/nar/gky311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabregat A, Sidiropoulos K, Viteri G, Forner O, Marin-Garcia P, Arnau V, D’Eustachio P, Stein L, Hermjakob H. Reactome pathway analysis: a high-performance in-memory approach. BMC Bioinformatics. 2017;18(1):142. doi:10.1186/s12859-017-1559-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J Roy Statist Soc Ser B. 1995;57:289–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar