References
- Knowles RH. A study of the bacterial flora of the conjunctival sac of the horse, at the central veterinary research institute, Aldershot. J Comp Pathol Ther. 1920;33:13–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0368-1742(20)80003-4.
- Cattabiani F, Cabassi E, Allodi C, Gianelli F. Bacterial flora of the conjunctival sac of the horse. Ann Sclavo. 1976;18:91–119.
- Leitch EC, Harmis NY, Corrigan KM, Willcox MD. Identification and enumeration of staphylococci from the eye during soft contact lens wear. Optom Vis Sci. 1998;75(4):258–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199804000-00022.
- Willcox MD, Power KN, Stapleton F, Leitch C, Harmis N, Sweeney DF. Potential sources of bacteria that are isolated from contact lenses during wear. Optom Vis Sci. 1997;74(12):1030–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199712000-00025.
- Sankaridurg PR, Markoulli M, de la Jara PL, Harmis N, Varghese T, Willcox MD, Holden BA. Lid and conjunctival micro biota during contact lens wear in children. Optom Vis Sci. 2009;86(4):312–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e318199d20c.
- Willcox MD. Characterization of the normal microbiota of the ocular surface. Exp Eye Res. 2013;117:99–105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2013.06.003.
- Dong Q, Brulc JM, Iovieno A, Bates B, Garoutte A, Miller D, Revanna KV, Gao X, Antonopoulos DA, Slepak VZ, et al. Diversity of bacteria at healthy human conjunctiva. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(8):5408–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.10-6939.
- Huang Y, Yang B, Li W. Defining the normal core microbiome of conjunctival microbial communities. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22(7):643 e647–643 e612. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2016.04.008.
- Ozkan J, Nielsen S, Diez-Vives C, Coroneo M, Thomas T, Willcox M. Temporal stability and composition of the ocular surface microbiome. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):9880. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10494-9.
- Wen X, Miao L, Deng Y, Bible PW, Hu X, Zou Y, Liu Y, Guo S, Liang J, Chen T, et al. The influence of age and sex on ocular surface microbiota in healthy adults. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58(14):6030–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.17-22957.
- Shivaji S, Jayasudha R, Sai Prashanthi G, Kalyana Chakravarthy S, Sharma S. The human ocular surface fungal microbiome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60(1):451–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.18-26076.
- Cavuoto KM, Banerjee S, Miller D, Galor A. Composition and comparison of the ocular surface microbiome in infants and older children. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2018;7(6):16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.7.6.16.
- Gubbels Bupp MR. Sex, the aging immune system, and chronic disease. Cell Immunol. 2015;294(2):102–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.02.002.
- Barisani-Asenbauer T, Inic-Kanada A, Belij S, Marinkovic E, Stojicevic I, Montanaro J, Stein E, Bintner N, Stojanovic M, Miyaji EN. The ocular conjunctiva as a mucosal immunization route: a profile of the immune response to the model antigen tetanus toxoid. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e60682. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060682.
- Knop E, Knop N. The role of eye-associated lymphoid tissue in corneal immune protection. J Anat. 2005;206(3):271–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00394.x.
- Lu LJ, Liu J. Human microbiota and ophthalmic disease. Yale J Biol Med. 2016;89:325–30.
- Wang C, Schaefer L, Bian F, Yu Z, Pflugfelder SC, Britton RA, de Paiva CS. Dysbiosis modulates ocular surface inflammatory response to liposaccharide. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60(13):4224–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.19-27939.
- Corthesy B. Multi-faceted functions of secretory IgA at mucosal surfaces. Front Immunol. 2013;4:185. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2013.00185.
- Montgomery PC, Whittum-Hudson J. Mucosal immunity in the ocular system. Mucosal Vaccines. 1996;403–23.
- Knop E, Knop N, Claus P. Local production of secretory IgA in the eye-associated lymphoid tissue (ealt) of the normal human ocular surface. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49(6):2322–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.07-0691.
- Stapleton F, Willcox MD, Morris CA, Sweeney DF. Tear changes in contact lens wearers following overnight eye closure. Curr Eye Res. 1998;17(2):183–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1076/ceyr.17.2.183.5597.
- Ramachandran L, Sharma S, Sankaridurg PR, Vajdic CM, Chuck JA, Holden BA, Sweeney DF, Rao GN. Examination of the conjunctival microbiota after 8 hours of eye closure. Clao J. 1995;21:195–99.
- Sack RA, Tan KO, Tan A. Diurnal tear cycle: evidence for a nocturnal inflammatory constitutive tear fluid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992;33:626–40.
- Poyraz C, Irkec M, Mocan MC. Elevated tear interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels associated with silicone hydrogel and conventional hydrogel contact lens wear. Eye Contact Lens. 2012;38(3):146–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0b013e3182482910.
- Schultz CL, Kunert KS. Interleukin-6 levels in tears of contact lens wearers. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2000;20(3):309–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/107999000312441.
- Mowrey-McKee MF, Monnat K, Sampson HJ, Smith CM, Davies GA, Mandt L, Proskin HM. Microbial contamination of hydrophilic contact lenses. Part i: quantitation of microbes on patient worn-and-handled lenses. Clao J. 1992;18:87–91.
- Stapleton F, Willcox MD, Sansey N, Holden BA. Ocular microbiota and polymorphonuclear leucocyte recruitment during overnight contact lens wear. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 1997;25(Suppl 1):S33–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.1997.tb01751.x.
- Willcox M, Sharma S, Naduvilath TJ, Sankaridurg PR, Gopinathan U, Holden BA. External ocular surface and lens microbiota in contact lens wearers with corneal infiltrates during extended wear of hydrogel lenses. Eye Contact Lens. 2011;37(2):90–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0b013e31820d12db.
- Shin H, Price K, Albert L, Dodick J, Park L, Dominguez-Bello MG. Changes in the eye microbiota associated with contact lens wearing. mBio. 2016;7(2):e00198. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00198-16.
- Al-Zahrani SHM. Bacteria isolated from contact and non contact lens and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of isolated pseudomonas aeruginosa. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2012;6(47):7350–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR12.1134.
- Costello EK, Lauber CL, Hamady M, Fierer N, Gordon JI, Knight R. Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time. Science. 2009;326(5960):1694–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1177486.
- Willcox MD. Tear film, contact lenses and tear biomarkers. Clin Exp Optom. 2019;102(4):350–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12918.
- Mertz GW Hypoxia. In: EF P editor. Hypoxia. Considerations in contact lens use under adverse conditions: proceedings of a symposium; Washington (DC): National Research Council (US) Working Group on Contact Lens Use Under Adverse Conditions; 1991.
- Choy CK, Cho P, Benzie IF, Ng V. Effect of one overnight wear of orthokeratology lenses on tear composition. Optom Vis Sci. 2004;81(6):414–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/01.opx.0000135094.15125.4c.
- Sweeney DF. Have silicone hydrogel lenses eliminated hypoxia? Eye Contact Lens. 2013;39(1):53–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0b013e31827c7899.
- Ren DH, Yamamoto K, Ladage PM, Molai M, Li L, Petroll WM, Jester JV, Cavanagh HD. Adaptive effects of 30-night wear of hyper-o(2) transmissible contact lenses on bacterial binding and corneal epithelium: a 1-year clinical trial. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(1):27–39; discussion 39–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(01)00867-3.
- Fleiszig SM, Evans DJ. Pathogenesis of contact lens-associated microbial keratitis. Optom Vis Sci. 2010;87(4):225–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181eeddf9.
- Robertson DM, Parks QM, Young RL, Kret J, Poch KR, Malcolm KC, Nichols DP, Nichols M, Zhu M, Cavanagh HD, et al. Disruption of contact lens-associated pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms formed in the presence of neutrophils. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(5):2844–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.10-6469.
- Zimmerman AB, Nixon AD, Rueff EM. Contact lens associated microbial keratitis: practical considerations for the optometrist. Clin Optom (Auckl). 2016;8:1–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTO.S66424.
- Zhang H, Zhao F, Hutchinson DS, Sun W, Ajami NJ, Lai S, Wong MC, Petrosino JF, Fang J, Jiang J, et al. Conjunctival microbiome changes associated with soft contact lens and orthokeratology lens wearing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58(1):128–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.16-20231.
- Gentile RC, Shukla S, Shah M, Ritterband DC, Engelbert M, Davis A, Hu DN. Microbiological spectrum and antibiotic sensitivity in endophthalmitis: a 25-year review. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(8):1634–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.02.001.
- de Kaspar HM, Kreidl KO, Singh K, Ta CN. Comparison of preoperative conjunctival bacterial flora in patients undergoing glaucoma or cataract surgery. J Glaucoma. 2004;13(6):507–09. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ijg.0000137872.19942.cf.
- Dong X, Wang Y, Wang W, Lin P, Huang Y. Composition and diversity of bacterial community on the ocular surface of patients with meibomian gland dysfunction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60(14):4774–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.19-27719.
- Kriet MM, Bouya Y, Louaya S. Endogenous postpartum panophthalmitis induced by sphingomonas paucimobili. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 2011;318:37–40.
- Daroy ML, Lopez JS, Torres BC, Loy MJ, Tuano PM, Matias RR. Identification of unknown ocular pathogens in clinically suspected eye infections using ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(5):776–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03369.x.
- Rahman W, Hanson R, Westcott M. A rare case of peripartum endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis. Int Ophthalmol. 2011;31(2):113–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-010-9399-3.
- Droutsas K, Kalantzis G, Symeonidis C, Georgalas I. Posttraumatic sphingomonas paucimobilis endophthalmitis. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med. 2015;2015:192864.
- Seo SW, Chung IY, Kim E, Park JM. A case of postoperative sphingomonas paucimobilis endophthalmitis after cataract extraction. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2008;22(1):63–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2008.22.1.63.
- Ge C, Wei C, Yang BX, Cheng J, Huang YS. Conjunctival microbiome changes associated with fungal keratitis: metagenomic analysis. Int J Ophthalmol. 2019;12(2):194–200. doi:https://doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2019.02.02.
- Jiang X, Deng A, Yang J, Bai H, Yang Z, Wu J, Lv H, Li X, Wen T. Pathogens in the meibomian gland and conjunctival sac: microbiome of normal subjects and patients with meibomian gland dysfunction. Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11:1729–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S162135.
- Zhou Y, Holland MJ, Makalo P, Joof H, Roberts CH, Mabey DC, Bailey RL, Burton MJ, Weinstock GM, Burr SE. The conjunctival microbiome in health and trachomatous disease: a case control study. Genome Med. 2014;6(11):99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-014-0099-x.
- Pickering H, Palmer CD, Houghton J, Makalo P, Joof H, Derrick T, Goncalves A, Mabey DCW, Bailey RL, Burton MJ, et al. Conjunctival microbiome-host responses are associated with impaired epithelial cell health in both early and late stages of trachoma. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2019;9:297. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2019.00297.
- Ohtani S, Shimizu K, Nejima R, Kagaya F, Aihara M, Iwasaki T, Shoji N, Miyata K. Conjunctival bacteria flora of glaucoma patients during long-term administration of prostaglandin analog drops. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58(10):3991–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.16-20853.
- Honda R, Toshida H, Suto C, Fujimaki T, Kimura T, Ohta T, Murakami A. Effect of long-term treatment with eyedrops for glaucoma on conjunctival bacterial flora. Infect Drug Resist. 2011;4:191–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S24250.
- Li S, Yi G, Peng H, Li Z, Chen S, Zhong H, Chen Y, Wang Z, Deng Q, Fu M. How ocular surface microbiota debuts in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2019;9:202. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2019.00202.
- Ham B, Hwang HB, Jung SH, Chang S, Kang KD, Kwon MJ. Distribution and diversity of ocular microbial communities in diabetic patients compared with healthy subjects. Curr Eye Res. 2018;43(3):314–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2017.1406528.
- Kandarakis SA, Piperi C, Topouzis F, Papavassiliou AG. Emerging role of advanced glycation-end products (ages) in the pathobiology of eye diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2014;42:85–102. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.05.002.
- Mantelli F, Argueso P. Functions of ocular surface mucins in health and disease. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;8(5):477–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0b013e32830e6b04.
- Martins EN, Alvarenga LS, Hofling-Lima AL, Freitas D, Zorat-Yu MC, Farah ME, Mannis MJ. Aerobic bacterial conjunctival flora in diabetic patients. Cornea. 2004;23(2):136–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00003226-200403000-00006.